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Grammar detail: particle し

particle し
and
196 words
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The particle し is used to link multiple states into a list, with the suggestion the list is incomplete. It is very similar to や, but where や is only used for nouns, し can also be used for adjectives or relative clauses. It is often used when each clause describes a state of being.
noun + (です or だ) + し
かれ
彼
ら
は
よ
良
い
しょうねん
少年
だし、
いっしょ
一緒
にうまくやっていけると
おも
思
う
。
They are nice boys and I am sure you will get on with them very well.
な adjective + (です or だ) + し
かのじょ
彼女
は
ねっしん
熱心
ですし、
しんらい
信頼
できるから
まか
任
せましょう
。
She's passionate and I trust her, so let's leave it in her hands.
い adjective + し
あなたは、かわいいし、
しんせつ
親切
です。
You are both pretty and kind.
verb plain or ます form + し
えいご
英語
の
す
好
きな
せいと
生徒
もいるし、
ぶつり
物理
の
す
好
きな
せいと
生徒
もいる。
Some students like English, and others like physics.
わたし
私
の
ちち
父
は
たばこ
煙草
も
す
吸
わない
し、
さけ
酒
も
の
飲
まない
。
My father neither smokes nor drinks.
The stem form of する is also し. However, In this usage, し is functioning as a particle, so it can follow the verb する:
ずつう
頭痛
はするし、せきでも
くる
苦
しんでいます
。
I have a headache and I am suffering from a cough.
し, the stem form of the verb する, is sometimes used similarily to して, simply functioning to join the next phrase, as opposed to delineating elements in a list. Typically this would also be translated with 'and', however, so the meaning is not usually ambiguous. Consider the following, for example:
ちち
父
が
しつぎょう
失業
し
、さらに
わる
悪
い
ことには、
はは
母
が
びょうき
病気
になってしまった。
Father has lost his job, and what's worse, Mother has fallen ill.
Note that the subject of each clause must be marked with は, not が, because the use of し makes it possible for the clauses to have different subjects.
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Kanji used in this grammar

彼
ヒ   かれ he   
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良
リョウ   よい good   
少
ショウ   すこし a little   すくない few   
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年
ネン   とし year   
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一
イチ   イツ   ひとつ    ひと- one   
緒
ショ   チョ   お strap, thong   
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思
シ   おもう to think   
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女
ジョ   ニョ   ニョウ   woman; female   おんな woman   め woman   
熱
ネツ   あつい hot   
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心
シン   こころ heart   
信
シン    trust, faith   
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頼
ライ   たよる to rely (on)   たのもしい reliable   たのむ to ask(for), entrust   
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任
ニン    responsibility   まかす    まかせる to entrust (to)   
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親
シン   おや parent   したしい close, intimate   したしむ to befriend, grow close to   
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切
セツ   サイ   きる to cut   きれる to break, to snap   
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英
エイ    England; hero; flower   
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語
ゴ   かたる to talk, relate   かたらう to talk together, chat   
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好
コウ   このむ    すく to like   
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生
セイ   ショウ    life   なま raw   いかす to enliven   いきる to live   いける to arrange flowers   うまれる to be born   うむ to give birth to   き pure, undiluted   おう to grow, to sprout   はえる to grow, to sprout   はやす to grow, cultivate   
徒
ト    junior   
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物
ブツ   モツ   もの thing   
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理
リ    logic   
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私
シ   わたくし    わたし I, myself   
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父
フ   ちち father   
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煙
エン   けむり smoke   けむる to smoke (chimney etc.)   けむい smoky   
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草
ソウ   くさ grass   
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吸
キュウ   すう to suck, inhale   
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酒
シュ   さけ    さか- sake   
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飲
イン   のむ to drink   
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頭
トウ   ト   ズ   あたま    かしら head   
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痛
ツウ   いたい painful   いたむ to hurt, be painful   いためる to hurt, damage   
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苦
ク   くるしい painful   くるしむ to suffer   くるしめる to torment   にがい bitter   にがる to feel bitter   
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失
シツ   うしなう to lose   
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業
ギョウ   ゴウ    profession, business, industry   わざ deed, act   
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悪
アク   オ   わるい bad   
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母
ボ   はは mother   
病
ヘイ   ビョウ   やまい illness   やむ to fall ill   
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気
キ   ケ    spirit   
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