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Grammar detail: irregular verbs
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There are only two key irregular verbs in Japanese: する (to do), and くる (to come). Both are very common - especially する, which can be used to turn any noun into a verb.
する to do
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| plain form | する | しない |
| masu form | します | しません |
| past form | した | しなかった |
| polite past form | しました | しませんでした |
| te form | して | しなくて |
| te stem form | し | |
| potential form | できる | できない |
| passive form | される | されない |
| causative form | させる | させない |
| causative passive form | させられる | させられない |
| conditional form | すれば | しなければ |
| imperative form | しろ | するな |
| volitional form | しよう | |
| ALL INFLECTIONS | ||
The potential form of する is actually an entirely different verb, できる, which is used in its own right to mean 'to be able to'.
く来る to come
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| plain form | くる | こない |
| masu form | きます | きません |
| past form | きた | こなかった |
| polite past form | きました | きませんでした |
| te form | きて | こなくて |
| te stem form | き | |
| potential form | こられる | こられない |
| passive form | こられる | こられない |
| causative form | こさせる | こさせない |
| causative passive form | こさせられる | こさせられない |
| conditional form | くれば | こなければ |
| imperative form | こい | くるな |
| volitional form | こよう | |
| ALL INFLECTIONS | ||
Other exceptions
In addition to くる and する, one other verb, ある (meaning to be or to have) has two irregular forms - the plain negative (ない) and the plain past negative (なかった). All other forms of ある are regular, and ある is not considered an irregular verb.
See also:
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