Kanshudo's Japanese Grammar Index

Usefulness:
JLPT:
Usefulness 1 grammar points
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'I' omission 
Getting started with Japanese grammar 
Japanese dates 
Japanese greetings 
Japanese numbers and counting 
Japanese word order 
Transitive and intransitive verbs 
X は Y です  X is Y
adverbs 
difference between で and に 
noun + する / します 
noun + ですから  because
noun + になります  become
other forms of です 
particle か  question marker
particle が  subject marker
particle で  where an action takes place
particle と  and
particle に  destination marker
particle に  date indicator
particle に  time indicator
particle に  location marker
particle に  an overview of the uses of に
particle に  frequency indicator
particle ね  tag question marker
particle の  possessive marker
particle の  noun replacement / nominalization
particle は  topic marker
particle へ  direction marker
particle も  too, also
particle や  and
particle を  direct object marker
relative clause word order 
telling the time in Japanese 
topic marker は is pronounced 'wa' 
verb + のがじょうず  good at
verb + のがへた  bad at
verb or い adjective + から  because
verb plain form + つもりです  intention
verb plain form vs polite form 
verb plain negative + ほうがいい（です）  had better not do
verb plain past + ことがあります  having done; have the experience of
verb plain past + ほうがいい（です）  had better do
verb stem  base part of a verb
verb stem + たい（です）  want (to do something)
verb stem + たかったです  wanted (to do something)
verb stem + にいく／にいきます  go to (do something)
verb stem + に来ます（にきます）  come to do
verb stem + に行きます（にいきます）  go to do
verb stem + ました   simple past
verb stem + ましょう  volitional form (let's ~)
verb stem + ましょうか  volitional form (shall we do ~)
verb stem + ません  negative
verb stem + ませんか  invitation
verb stem or adjective + すぎる  too much
verb volitional form  let's ~, shall we ~
verb て form 
verb て form  imperative, and basis of other constructions
verb て form  and
verb て form + います／いる  'ing' - present continuous / progressive
verb て form + から  after
verb て form + ください  please (do, go, open, etc)
verb て form + はいけません  must not do
verb て form + もいいです  permission
verb なくて form + はいけません  have to do
verb ます form (also known as the polite form) 
〜から〜まで  from ~ until ~
〜があります  there is
〜がいます  there is
〜くする  to make something ~
〜くなります／になります  become
〜たり〜たりする  list
〜ないでください  please do not
〜のほうが〜より  comparisons
〜は〜より  X is more ~ than Y
〜んです／〜のです  emphasize or soften a phrase
〜前（まえ）に  before
あなた  you
あの  that ~ over there
いる / います and ある / あります  existence; possession
けれども、けれど、けど  but, though, however
する  to do
そして  and
それから  then
だけ  only
ちち and おとうさん 
でしょう  probably is
です  is, am, are
とおもいます  think
と思います（とおもいます） / と思う（とおもう）  to think ~; I think ~; you think ~
と言います（といいます） / と言いました（といいました）  report or quote speech
どうやって  how to do something
ので  because
まだ〜ていません  not yet
よく  often
らい年（ねん）  next year
一人で  alone
万 and 一万  10,000
散歩（さんぽ）  walk, stroll
時（とき）  when
連濁（れんだく）  voicing of first consonant in second part of a compound word
音読み（おんよみ）and 訓読み（くんよみ）  on and kun readings of kanji
～のが好き（すき）です  like
～のなかで～がいちばん  is the best
Usefulness 2 grammar points
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Japanese verbs and verb conjugation 
counters for objects and other things 
key verb conjugations 
noun の / verb past form + あと（で）  after
number + も  as many as
particle し  and
particle よ  emphasis marker
verb / adjective て form + も  even if ~
verb causative form  make something happen
verb negative form 
verb passive causative (させられる) form  is made to happen
verb passive form  is done
verb plain form (also known as the dictionary form) 
verb plain form + と  when, if
verb plain past + ばかり  just
verb plain past form 
verb potential form  ability to do; can / cannot do
verb stem + おう  plain volitional form (let's ~) for godan verbs
verb stem + かた  way
verb stem + なさい  'request' imperative
verb stem + にくい  difficult
verb stem + はじめる  begin to do
verb stem + やすい  easy
verb stem + よう  plain volitional form (let's ~) for ichidan verbs
verb stem + 直す（なおす）  to redo (something), to (do something again)
verb stem + 終わる  to finish, to end
verb stem + 続ける（つづける）  continue doing ~
verb たら conditional form  if
verb て form + あげる  do for somebody, give
verb て form + ある  is completed
verb て form + いく  go on doing, continue
verb て form + いただけませんか  will you please do
verb て form + おく  put in place, do in advance
verb て form + くれてありがとう  thank you for doing ~ for me
verb て form + くれる  receive
verb て form + しまう  complete; accidentally do; end up doing
verb て form + すみません  I'm sorry for doing ~
verb て form + ほしい  want (someone to do something)
verb て form + みる  try to do
verb て form + もらう  to have someone do something
verb て form + よかった  expresses gratitude
verb なければ form + なりません  must do
verb なら conditional form  if
verb ば form + よかった  should have done
〜おきに  every ~
〜かもしれない  may be
〜がる  (someone else) feels (something)
〜が欲しい（ほしい）  want (something)
〜ざるを得ない（ざるをえない）  can't help doing
〜そうです  seems ~ or I heard that ~
〜たがる  (someone else) wants to (do something)
〜ため（に）  in order to
〜たらどうですか  suggestion
〜といい（です）  would be nice if ~
〜という〜  such as, that's called
〜としては  in the capacity of
〜ないで  don't do (negative imperative)
〜にしては vs 〜としては 
〜にする  to make something ~; to decide on ~
あげる, くれる, もらう  giving and receiving
あまり + negative adjective / verb  not much
い and な adjectives 
いっぱい  full
かどうか  whether or not
ことができる  can do
ことにする  decide
ことにする vs に決（き）める 
しか + verb negative form  nothing but
そう  seems that, looks like
だけで  just; just by (doing)
なかなか〜  quite~, pretty~, rather~; just won't work
ながら  while doing
など  ~ etc., things like ~
には, では, とは  emphasis
に見える, ように見える, て見える and く見える  looks ~
のに  despite
のような  turns a noun into an adjective
のように  like
はず  ought
はやい  early; fast
ば conditional form  if
みたい  seems
ものではない  for emphasis; shouldn't do ~; is impossible to do ~
やっと  at last
ようだ  appears to be
わけではない  ~ is not (the reason), ~ doesn't mean (that)
場合（ばあい）  in the case of, if
方（かた）  person
違う（ちがう）  differ from
間（あいだ）/ 間に（あいだに）  during; between
頃（ころ）  when (for a period or era)
～なくてもいい  ok not to do
Usefulness 3 grammar points
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Compound verbs 
X は Y で 有名  X is famous for Y
noun + ほど  the more ~ the more ~; as ~ as~
noun + をはじめ〜  including ~, such as ~, starting with ~, for example ~
noun / verb / adjective + っぽい  ~ish, -like
particle わ  feminine sentence ender
question word + でも  anything, anyone, anywhere, etc
verb + ほど  extent
verb negative stem + ずに  without doing
verb past + とたん  as soon as
verb stem + あげる／あがる  finish, complete
verb stem + たて  just done, freshly done, newly done
verb stem + 切る（きる）  do completely, use up
verb volitional form + としない  not trying to ~, not making an effort to ~
verb volitional form + とする  try to do
verb て form + ばかり  nothing but; only
verb て form + 初めて  not until... that..., only after... did ....
verb ろ / ~え form  'command' imperative
〜から〜にかけて  through ~ to ~; from ~ to ~
〜がち  apt to do; lots of
〜けど / 〜けれども at sentence end  uncertainty or politeness
〜げ  seems like, seems
〜せいで  as a result of ~
〜たものだ  used to do ~
〜ところ  just (about to / doing / almost)
〜として  as (a) ~, in the role of ~
〜とは限らない（とはかぎらない）  not necessarily ~
〜ないで  without doing
〜になれる  get used to ~, become accustomed to ~
〜によると  according to ~
〜は〜ぐらいです  ~ is as ~ as, ~ is to the extent of ~
〜ば〜ほど  the more ~ the more ~
〜まま  as it is; as is; in its current state
〜ように  in order to ~, so that ~, to ~
〜ようにする  make sure to, be sure to, try concertedly to (do something)
〜ようになる  come about
〜らしい  like, seems like
〜的 (てき)  turns a noun into an adjective
〜面  perspective, aspect, side
あまり（に）（も） + positive adjective / verb  too ~; too much ~; excessive ~
あらゆる  all, every
ある〜  a certain
いったい  what on earth~?, what in the world~?
うちに  while still
お〜する、お〜ください、お〜できる、お〜になる  affirmative humble
かえって  on the contrary, all the more, rather
きり  only; just
ぐらい and くらい  about, around, approximately
こそ  it is ~ that, ~ is the very (thing being emphasized), (for emphasis)
ことがある  there are times when, there are times that
ことに  do; happen; provide emphasis; differ
ことになる  be decided or arranged
ことはない  there is no need to, never happens
こむ／込む compound verbs 
ごとに  every, each
さえ, でさえ  even, not ~ even, let alone
さらに〜  moreover, furthermore, additionally, an additional
すでに〜  already
すると  then
せいぜい〜  at best ~, at most ~, no more than ~, at worst ~
それだけでも〜のに  If that in itself isn’t / wasn’t ~ in addition to that ~
たびに  whenever
だらけ  covered in
って  casual version of という
つい〜  accidentally, by accident, in spite of oneself
ついに  finally; at last
つまり  in other words, that is to say, in short
つもりで  having the intention of
ところで  by the way
としたら・とすれば・とすると  if we assume ~
とても〜ない  cannot possibly be, hardly
とともに  together with
となる  become (with finality)
どうしても〜  no matter what, by all means, at any cost
どうやら  seems like, looks like, appears that, apparently
ないうちに〜  before~
なぜなら  because
なんて  for emphasis
において  in, at (place), as for, in relation to~
における  in, at (place), as for, in relation to ~
について  about, concerning
にとって  for, to, from the standpoint of
によって, による  depending on, due to, by
に代わって  instead of, in place of, on behalf of
に違いない（にちがいない）  certainly; without a doubt
に関して（にかんして）  related to, in connection with
に関する（にかんする）  about, on (the subject of), in relation to, related to
ばかりでなく  not only ~
まい  negative volitional
まさか〜  there's no way, by no means, that's impossible, you must be joking
ます form + ように  making a wish
むしろ  I would rather ~; not so much ~ as ~
よりも  more than anything, anyone, etc, above all
わざわざ〜  to go to the trouble of, to go out of one's way
一体（いったい）  (emphasis)
代わり（かわり）に  in return for, in exchange for, instead of
承知（しょうち）  know
決して～ない（けっして～ない）  by no means
物（もの）vs 事（こと）  things
状態  describes a state, condition, circumstance, etc
状況  describes a state, condition, circumstance (of something that is subject to frequent change)
結局  in the end, after all, end up
（に）限る（かぎる）  limit (-ed to), restrict (-ed to)
～には～がある  there is / are ~ in ~
～は別として（べつとして）  apart from, aside from
Usefulness 4 grammar points
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XをYに任せる（まかせる）  leave X in the hands of Y; leave X to Y (to handle/manage)
noun + からいって  considering, as a result of
noun + 向き（むき）  suitable for ~
noun + 向け（むけ）  aimed at ~
particle か  embedded / indirect questions
suffix っけ  what was ~ again?
there is now way to ~; it's impossible to ~ 
verb stem + つつある  continues to be / do
verb て form + は  alternately
〜あるいは〜  or; possibly
〜かねる  cannot do ~; unable to do ~; ~ is tricky to do
〜から成る（からなる）  comprises ~; consists of ~
〜ぐらい／〜くらい  at least ~; if it's simply ~
〜ことだ  should ~; ~ is necessary
〜せいか  perhaps because; maybe due to
〜た結果（たけっか）  as a result of, after, upon
〜てでも  whatever it takes; by whatever means; even if it means~
〜てまで〜; 〜までして〜  even going to the extent of ~; even at the expense of ~
〜ても〜切れない  can never be ~ enough
〜でいいです  ~ will do; ~ is fine; ~ will be fine
〜ではないだろうか  could it be that ~; might it be that ~
〜というより  rather than
〜と言っても（といっても）  although I say, although some might say
〜どころ  substitution for 〜なもの
〜にあたる  relating to ~, to do with ~, that is ~
〜にかかわらず  regardless of; regardless of whether
〜にかけては  when it comes to ~
〜にしては  considering that
〜にすれば / 〜にしたら  from the perspective of
〜につれて  as a result of ~; in response to ~; along with ~
〜にもかかわらず  in spite of; although
〜に従って（にしたがって）  therefore
〜に気をつける（にきをつける）  take care to~; be aware of~; look out for~
〜に越したことはない（にこしたことはない）  the best thing to do is ~; there is no harm in ~; it's safest to ~
〜ばいいのに  I wish ~, I hope ~, if only ~
〜ものですから  it's because ~; the reason is ~
〜ようではないか; 〜ようじゃないか  let's do ~; why don't we ~
〜を〜とする／〜を〜とされる  to be determined ~; to be considered ~
〜（の）あまり  as a result of too much ~
あげく  in the end; finally
いたるところ  everywhere
いったん  once you do ~
いつの間にか〜（いつのまにか）  before I knew it
いよいよ〜  finally~; at last~
かと思えば; かと思ったら; かと思うと  just when I thought ~; no sooner than ~
かねない  be likely to; quite possible that; be capable of
からといって  just because; even though
からには  now that
きっかけ  opportunity, motivation
くせに  despite; although; even though
さえ + verb ば・たら conditional  if only ~, once ~
さすが（に）  as would be expected
せめて  at least
そういった  that kind of, such things, things such as
そうにない  extremely unlikely
その上（そのうえ）  furthermore; besides; in addition
それにしても  even if that's the case; even so; at any rate
たきり  since~, no longer~; since~, haven't~
たちまち  right away; in a moment; quickly
たところ  After doing X, the outcome was Y; Y occurred just as X came to an end
たところ（です/だ)  just finished doing~
だけに  precisely because ~; as one might expect
っこない  ~ will not happen; is no chance that ~
ついでに  along the way, at the same time
つつ  while ~, ~; even though ~, ~
てたまらない  can't stand ~; can't help ~; can't wait to ~
というのも  it is because~; this is because~; because
というものだ  that's what~is; ~is what defines~
とうてい  can't possibly ~; there's no way ~
とか聞きました （とかききました）  I heard something to the effect that
としても  even if
と言えば（といえば）  speaking of, on the subject of
ないことには〜ない  unless ~
ないことはない  not impossible
ないで済む（ないですむ）  get by without doing ~; manage to do something without
ないわけにはいかない  can't very well not do; have to do
なお  moreover; furthermore; additionally
なるべく  where possible, as ~ as possible
にあたって  on the occasion of ~; when ~
にすぎない  merely; only; nothing but; no more than
につき  due to ~; with regard to ~
にて  formal location marker
にのぼる  to reach (figure); to amount to (figure)
にほかならない  none other than ~; nothing more or less than ~; undoubtedly ~
により  by (means of), through
にわたって 
に反して  against; contrary to
に基づいて  based on
に対して（にたいして）  toward, to, for, against
に対する（にたいする）  towards, with regard to; in contrast to
に応じて  in accordance with; according to
に決まっている  is sure to~; is bound to~; will certainly~
に沿って（にそって）  go along (with); parallel to; in accordance with
に相違ない (にそういない)  without a doubt; certainly
に至るまで （にいたるまで）  up to; until
に限らず（にかぎらず）  not just, not only ~ but, not limited to
に際して（にさいして）  at the time of ~; on the occasion of ~
ぬ negative  classical negative form
ねばならない  have to do, feel obliged to do
のに対して（のにたいして）  whereas
のみならず  not only ~ but also ~
はともかく（として）  putting aside ~, ~; although ~, ~
ばかりに  just because ~; on account of ~
べき  should; ought to
ほかない、よりほかない、よりない etc.  nothing to do but ~
まだしも・ならまだしも  better ~, rather ~ than ~
もかまわず  without care for; with no concern for
ものだ  is (but with a hint of emotion)
ものの  although, but
やむを得ず（やむをえず）  to do out of necessity; to be obliged to
ような気がする  have a feeling that
よっぽど; よほど  very much; a great deal
より仕方がない （よりしかたがない）  to have no choice but to ~; to have no option but to ~
りゃ  colloquial contraction of りは / りや and れは / れば
ろくに〜ない  not do something properly; not enough; not do something well
わけ  reason
わけがない  there's now way that~; couldn't possibly~
わけにはいかない  can't very well do
をめぐって  over, centering around, concerning
を中心に  to center around, to focus on, to revolve around
を占める（をしめる）  to occupy, to hold, to take up
を問わず (をとわず)  regardless of, irrespective of, no matter
を通じて（をつうじて）  through ~, throughout ~
一方（いっぽう）で  on the other hand
万一（まんいち）、万が一（まんがいち）  if by chance; if ~ were to~
上で（うえで）  after ~; upon ~; when ~
以上（は）  since~; seeing that/now that~; as long as~
以外の  except ~, other than ~, with the exception of ~
何しろ（なにしろ）  in any case; anyhow; because
何といっても〜  whatever anybody says, after all, by any account
何より（なにより）  above all; glad
別に〜ない  not ~, not necessarily ~, not particularly ~
割りに, わりに  despite; although
及び（および）  and; as well as; both X and Y
反面（はんめん）  but on the other hand, but on the other side
契機に  use as an opportunity to do
差し支えない（さしつかえない）  it's all right; have no objection
思うように〜（おもうように）  as one imagines; as one wishes; as one desires
恐れがある  there is a fear that, is at risk of, to be in danger of
折に（おりに）  when (for a special occasion)
振り（ぶり）  since
援助  support or aid for a person/group that is in a difficult situation
支持  support for a person/group/opinion emotionally and/or in principle
支援  support for a person/group physically or technically
次第だ, 次第で  depending on
次第（しだい）  as soon as ~, steadily
気になる（きになる）  to be curious about; be concerned about; be worried about
確かに（たしかに）〜 
確か（たしか）〜  If I'm not mistaken; if I'm correct; as I recall
通り（とおり or どおり）  just as, in the same way
限り（かぎり）  limited to, while, as long as, as far as ~ knows
Usefulness 5 grammar points
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being more polite than ください 
noun + がてら   while
verb plain form + なり  as soon as
verb stem + んばかり 
〜いかん  X depends on Y
〜かれ〜かれ  sooner or later; more or less
〜がため  in order to
〜が早いか（がはやいか）  as soon as
〜たが最後（〜たがさいご） 
〜たところで  even if you do~; even if one does~
〜といい〜といい  not only ~ but also ~
〜と思いきや〜  I expected ~, but ~; I thought ~, but ~
〜にたえない  very ~; extremely ~
〜はさておき  putting aside; setting aside; apart from
〜めく  look like; seem like; have an air of
〜をもって  by means of; with; by; through; at; as far as
〜を皮切りに (をかわきりに)  starting with~
あえて  dare
あくまでも  to the utmost
あるまじき  not appropriate; not acceptable
かたがた  as well as; while
き archaic adjective form 
きらいがある  have a tendency to ~; tend to ~
ことごとく  entirely; altogether
こととて  due to the fact that
ことなしに  without doing~
ずくめ  all~; full of~; entirely~
ずじまい  ended up not ~
ただ～のみだ  all we can do is; can do nothing but; only
たりとも  every little~; even a single~; not even a~
だけまし  at least ~; you should be grateful for ~
っぱなし  leaving ~ on, still in use
てからというもの  since~; ever since~; after~
てみせる  will definitely do
てやまない  will always~; will never stop~
であれ  no matter what; no matter who; no matter~
ではあるまいし  it isn't as if~; it's not like~
とあって  because of
とあれば  if ~; if it is the case that ~
というか  I'm not sure that it is X or (in actual fact) Y; rather than X, it's more so Y
といえども  even~; even though~; though~
としたところで  even if something is~; even if one does something~
となると  When it comes to~; Once that happens~
とはいうものの  having said that
とは言え／とはいえ  even so, that said, be that as it may
ともなると  once X happens Y will occur
と相（あい）まって  together with ~; along with ~; coupled with ~
ないではすまない  must
ながらに  while~ (in the same state); during~
ながらも  although; despite
なくしては  without
なしに  without
ならでは  unique to; only found in
にあって  due to
にかこつけて  in the name of~; under the veil of~; on the pretext of~
にかたくない  it's not hard to~; it's not difficult to~
にしたって  even if ~
にそくして   in line with~; based on~
にたえない  can't bear ~; can't stand ~
にひきかえ  in contrast to ~; while X is ~ Y is ~
にもまして  above all else; more than
に足る  be worthy of; deserve; to be enough
に（は）あたらない  it's no surprise that~; it's not worth~
はおろか  let alone~; not to mention~
は言うまでもない  it goes without saying
べからず  must not; should not; don't
べく  in order to; to
まみれ  to be covered in; all over
もさることながら  not only ~ but also
や否や（やいなや）  as soon as; no sooner than; the moment that
ゆえ（に）  because; therefore
ようが、おうが、ようと (~まいが、~まいと）  regardless of ~; no matter what ~; however ~
をおして  in spite of ~; although ~
をよそに  despite ~
を禁じ得ない（きんじえない）  can't help but ~
を経て （へて）  after
を踏まえて（ふまえて）  based on ~; that reflects ~
を限りに（をかぎりに）  will stop at ~; at the top of one's voice
一方（いっぽう）だ  more and more ~
傍ら（かたわら）  besides doing~also doing~; while doing~also doing~
厄年 (やくどし)  critical ages
如し（ごとし）, ごとく, ごとき  like; as if; as though
始末だ （しまつだ）  in the end ~; end up ~
少なくとも（すくなくとも）  at least
情勢  describes a situation, circumstances, state of affairs
手前  since ~; when considering ~; out of decency
損ねる（そこねる）  miss (something); fail (to do something)
極まる（きわまる） 極まりない（きわまりない）  extremely; very
窪む（くぼむ）and 凹む（へこむ, くぼむ） 
（で）すら  even
（の）いかんで  depending on~
（の）ところを  although timing is not the best~; despite this not being the greatest time~
～とも～とも  unable to decide
～ないまでも  even if you don't
～を余儀（よぎ）なくされる  forced to ~
Usefulness 6 grammar points
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Yodan 四段（よだん）form verbs  (classical Japanese)
〜っぱぐれる  to miss out on doing
〜ぬる form 
かいがある・かいがあって  to be effective, to be worth doing
なくたって、なくったって  even if not ~, even without ~
節（ふし）がある  come to mind
JLPT N5 grammar points
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Japanese dates 
Japanese numbers and counting 
X は Y です  X is Y
adverbs 
difference between で and に 
noun + する / します 
noun + ですから  because
noun + になります  become
particle か  question marker
particle が  subject marker
particle で  where an action takes place
particle と  and
particle に  destination marker
particle に  date indicator
particle に  time indicator
particle に  location marker
particle に  an overview of the uses of に
particle に  frequency indicator
particle ね  tag question marker
particle の  possessive marker
particle の  noun replacement / nominalization
particle は  topic marker
particle へ  direction marker
particle も  too, also
particle や  and
particle を  direct object marker
topic marker は is pronounced 'wa' 
verb + のがじょうず  good at
verb + のがへた  bad at
verb or い adjective + から  because
verb plain form + つもりです  intention
verb plain form vs polite form 
verb plain negative + ほうがいい（です）  had better not do
verb plain past + ことがあります  having done; have the experience of
verb plain past + ほうがいい（です）  had better do
verb stem  base part of a verb
verb stem + たい（です）  want (to do something)
verb stem + たかったです  wanted (to do something)
verb stem + にいく／にいきます  go to (do something)
verb stem + に来ます（にきます）  come to do
verb stem + に行きます（にいきます）  go to do
verb stem + ましょう  volitional form (let's ~)
verb stem + ましょうか  volitional form (shall we do ~)
verb stem + ません  negative
verb stem + ませんか  invitation
verb stem or adjective + すぎる  too much
verb volitional form  let's ~, shall we ~
verb て form 
verb て form  imperative, and basis of other constructions
verb て form  and
verb て form + います／いる  'ing' - present continuous / progressive
verb て form + から  after
verb て form + ください  please (do, go, open, etc)
verb て form + はいけません  must not do
verb て form + もいいです  permission
verb なくて form + はいけません  have to do
verb ます form (also known as the polite form) 
〜から〜まで  from ~ until ~
〜があります  there is
〜がいます  there is
〜くする  to make something ~
〜くなります／になります  become
〜たり〜たりする  list
〜ないでください  please do not
〜のほうが〜より  comparisons
〜は〜より  X is more ~ than Y
〜んです／〜のです  emphasize or soften a phrase
〜前（まえ）に  before
あの  that ~ over there
いる / います and ある / あります  existence; possession
けれども、けれど、けど  but, though, however
する  to do
でしょう  probably is
です  is, am, are
と言います（といいます） / と言いました（といいました）  report or quote speech
ので  because
まだ〜ていません  not yet
万 and 一万  10,000
時（とき）  when
～のが好き（すき）です  like
～のなかで～がいちばん  is the best
JLPT N4 grammar points
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counters for objects and other things 
noun の / verb past form + あと（で）  after
number + も  as many as
particle し  and
particle よ  emphasis marker
verb / adjective て form + も  even if ~
verb causative form  make something happen
verb negative form 
verb passive causative (させられる) form  is made to happen
verb passive form  is done
verb plain form (also known as the dictionary form) 
verb plain form + と  when, if
verb plain past + ばかり  just
verb plain past form 
verb potential form  ability to do; can / cannot do
verb stem + おう  plain volitional form (let's ~) for godan verbs
verb stem + かた  way
verb stem + なさい  'request' imperative
verb stem + にくい  difficult
verb stem + はじめる  begin to do
verb stem + やすい  easy
verb stem + よう  plain volitional form (let's ~) for ichidan verbs
verb stem + 直す（なおす）  to redo (something), to (do something again)
verb stem + 終わる  to finish, to end
verb stem + 続ける（つづける）  continue doing ~
verb たら conditional form  if
verb て form + あげる  do for somebody, give
verb て form + ある  is completed
verb て form + いく  go on doing, continue
verb て form + いただけませんか  will you please do
verb て form + おく  put in place, do in advance
verb て form + くれてありがとう  thank you for doing ~ for me
verb て form + くれる  receive
verb て form + しまう  complete; accidentally do; end up doing
verb て form + すみません  I'm sorry for doing ~
verb て form + ほしい  want (someone to do something)
verb て form + みる  try to do
verb て form + もらう  to have someone do something
verb て form + よかった  expresses gratitude
verb なければ form + なりません  must do
verb なら conditional form  if
verb ば form + よかった  should have done
verb ろ / ~え form  'command' imperative
〜かもしれない  may be
〜がる  (someone else) feels (something)
〜が欲しい（ほしい）  want (something)
〜そうです  seems ~ or I heard that ~
〜たがる  (someone else) wants to (do something)
〜たらどうですか  suggestion
〜といい（です）  would be nice if ~
〜という〜  such as, that's called
〜ないで  don't do (negative imperative)
〜にする  to make something ~; to decide on ~
あまり + negative adjective / verb  not much
い and な adjectives 
いっぱい  full
かどうか  whether or not
ことができる  can do
ことにする  decide
ことにする vs に決（き）める 
しか + verb negative form  nothing but
そう  seems that, looks like
と思います（とおもいます） / と思う（とおもう）  to think ~; I think ~; you think ~
なかなか〜  quite~, pretty~, rather~; just won't work
ながら  while doing
など  ~ etc., things like ~
に見える, ように見える, て見える and く見える  looks ~
のに  despite
のような  turns a noun into an adjective
のように  like
はず  ought
はやい  early; fast
ば conditional form  if
みたい  seems
やっと  at last
ようだ  appears to be
場合（ばあい）  in the case of, if
間（あいだ）/ 間に（あいだに）  during; between
～なくてもいい  ok not to do
JLPT N3 grammar points
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X は Y で 有名  X is famous for Y
noun + ほど  the more ~ the more ~; as ~ as~
noun + をはじめ〜  including ~, such as ~, starting with ~, for example ~
noun / verb / adjective + っぽい  ~ish, -like
question word + でも  anything, anyone, anywhere, etc
verb + ほど  extent
verb negative stem + ずに  without doing
verb past + とたん  as soon as
verb stem + あげる／あがる  finish, complete
verb stem + たて  just done, freshly done, newly done
verb stem + 切る（きる）  do completely, use up
verb volitional form + としない  not trying to ~, not making an effort to ~
verb volitional form + とする  try to do
verb て form + ばかり  nothing but; only
verb て form + 初めて  not until... that..., only after... did ....
〜がち  apt to do; lots of
〜げ  seems like, seems
〜せいで  as a result of ~
〜ため（に）  in order to
〜たものだ  used to do ~
〜ところ  just (about to / doing / almost)
〜として  as (a) ~, in the role of ~
〜とは限らない（とはかぎらない）  not necessarily ~
〜ないで  without doing
〜になれる  get used to ~, become accustomed to ~
〜によると  according to ~
〜は〜ぐらいです  ~ is as ~ as, ~ is to the extent of ~
〜ば〜ほど  the more ~ the more ~
〜まま  as it is; as is; in its current state
〜ように  in order to ~, so that ~, to ~
〜ようにする  make sure to, be sure to, try concertedly to (do something)
〜ようになる  come about
〜らしい  like, seems like
〜的 (てき)  turns a noun into an adjective
〜面  perspective, aspect, side
いったい  what on earth~?, what in the world~?
うちに  while still
かえって  on the contrary, all the more, rather
きり  only; just
ぐらい and くらい  about, around, approximately
こそ  it is ~ that, ~ is the very (thing being emphasized), (for emphasis)
ことがある  there are times when, there are times that
ことに  do; happen; provide emphasis; differ
ことになる  be decided or arranged
ことはない  there is no need to, never happens
ごとに  every, each
さえ, でさえ  even, not ~ even, let alone
さらに〜  moreover, furthermore, additionally, an additional
すでに〜  already
せいぜい〜  at best ~, at most ~, no more than ~, at worst ~
たびに  whenever
って  casual version of という
つい〜  accidentally, by accident, in spite of oneself
ついに  finally; at last
つまり  in other words, that is to say, in short
つもりで  having the intention of
ところで  by the way
としたら・とすれば・とすると  if we assume ~
とても〜ない  cannot possibly be, hardly
とともに  together with
どうしても〜  no matter what, by all means, at any cost
どうやら  seems like, looks like, appears that, apparently
ないうちに〜  before~
なぜなら  because
なんて  for emphasis
において  in, at (place), as for, in relation to~
における  in, at (place), as for, in relation to ~
について  about, concerning
にとって  for, to, from the standpoint of
によって, による  depending on, due to, by
に代わって  instead of, in place of, on behalf of
に違いない（にちがいない）  certainly; without a doubt
に関して（にかんして）  related to, in connection with
に関する（にかんする）  about, on (the subject of), in relation to, related to
ばかりでなく  not only ~
まさか〜  there's no way, by no means, that's impossible, you must be joking
ます form + ように  making a wish
むしろ  I would rather ~; not so much ~ as ~
よりも  more than anything, anyone, etc, above all
わざわざ〜  to go to the trouble of, to go out of one's way
一体（いったい）  (emphasis)
代わり（かわり）に  in return for, in exchange for, instead of
決して～ない（けっして～ない）  by no means
物（もの）vs 事（こと）  things
状態  describes a state, condition, circumstance, etc
状況  describes a state, condition, circumstance (of something that is subject to frequent change)
結局  in the end, after all, end up
（に）限る（かぎる）  limit (-ed to), restrict (-ed to)
～には～がある  there is / are ~ in ~
～は別として（べつとして）  apart from, aside from
JLPT N2 grammar points
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XをYに任せる（まかせる）  leave X in the hands of Y; leave X to Y (to handle/manage)
noun + からいって  considering, as a result of
noun + 向き（むき）  suitable for ~
noun + 向け（むけ）  aimed at ~
particle か  embedded / indirect questions
suffix っけ  what was ~ again?
there is now way to ~; it's impossible to ~ 
verb stem + つつある  continues to be / do
verb て form + は  alternately
〜あるいは〜  or; possibly
〜かねる  cannot do ~; unable to do ~; ~ is tricky to do
〜から成る（からなる）  comprises ~; consists of ~
〜ぐらい／〜くらい  at least ~; if it's simply ~
〜ことだ  should ~; ~ is necessary
〜ざるを得ない（ざるをえない）  can't help doing
〜せいか  perhaps because; maybe due to
〜た結果（たけっか）  as a result of, after, upon
〜てまで〜; 〜までして〜  even going to the extent of ~; even at the expense of ~
〜ても〜切れない  can never be ~ enough
〜でいいです  ~ will do; ~ is fine; ~ will be fine
〜ではないだろうか  could it be that ~; might it be that ~
〜というより  rather than
〜と言っても（といっても）  although I say, although some might say
〜どころ  substitution for 〜なもの
〜にあたる  relating to ~, to do with ~, that is ~
〜にかかわらず  regardless of; regardless of whether
〜にかけては  when it comes to ~
〜にしては  considering that
〜にすれば / 〜にしたら  from the perspective of
〜につれて  as a result of ~; in response to ~; along with ~
〜にもかかわらず  in spite of; although
〜に従って（にしたがって）  therefore
〜に気をつける（にきをつける）  take care to~; be aware of~; look out for~
〜に越したことはない（にこしたことはない）  the best thing to do is ~; there is no harm in ~; it's safest to ~
〜ばいいのに  I wish ~, I hope ~, if only ~
〜ものですから  it's because ~; the reason is ~
〜ようではないか; 〜ようじゃないか  let's do ~; why don't we ~
あげく  in the end; finally
いったん  once you do ~
いつの間にか〜（いつのまにか）  before I knew it
いよいよ〜  finally~; at last~
かと思えば; かと思ったら; かと思うと  just when I thought ~; no sooner than ~
かねない  be likely to; quite possible that; be capable of
からといって  just because; even though
からには  now that
きっかけ  opportunity, motivation
くせに  despite; although; even though
さえ + verb ば・たら conditional  if only ~, once ~
さすが（に）  as would be expected
せめて  at least
そういった  that kind of, such things, things such as
そうにない  extremely unlikely
その上（そのうえ）  furthermore; besides; in addition
それにしても  even if that's the case; even so; at any rate
たきり  since~, no longer~; since~, haven't~
たちまち  right away; in a moment; quickly
たところ  After doing X, the outcome was Y; Y occurred just as X came to an end
たところ（です/だ)  just finished doing~
だけに  precisely because ~; as one might expect
っこない  ~ will not happen; is no chance that ~
ついでに  along the way, at the same time
つつ  while ~, ~; even though ~, ~
てたまらない  can't stand ~; can't help ~; can't wait to ~
というものだ  that's what~is; ~is what defines~
とうてい  can't possibly ~; there's no way ~
とか聞きました （とかききました）  I heard something to the effect that
としても  even if
と言えば（といえば）  speaking of, on the subject of
ないことはない  not impossible
ないで済む（ないですむ）  get by without doing ~; manage to do something without
ないわけにはいかない  can't very well not do; have to do
なお  moreover; furthermore; additionally
なるべく  where possible, as ~ as possible
にあたって  on the occasion of ~; when ~
にすぎない  merely; only; nothing but; no more than
につき  due to ~; with regard to ~
にのぼる  to reach (figure); to amount to (figure)
にほかならない  none other than ~; nothing more or less than ~; undoubtedly ~
により  by (means of), through
にわたって 
に反して  against; contrary to
に基づいて  based on
に対して（にたいして）  toward, to, for, against
に対する（にたいする）  towards, with regard to; in contrast to
に応じて  in accordance with; according to
に決まっている  is sure to~; is bound to~; will certainly~
に沿って（にそって）  go along (with); parallel to; in accordance with
に相違ない (にそういない)  without a doubt; certainly
に至るまで （にいたるまで）  up to; until
に限らず（にかぎらず）  not just, not only ~ but, not limited to
に際して（にさいして）  at the time of ~; on the occasion of ~
ねばならない  have to do, feel obliged to do
はともかく（として）  putting aside ~, ~; although ~, ~
べき  should; ought to
ほかない、よりほかない、よりない etc.  nothing to do but ~
まい  negative volitional
もかまわず  without care for; with no concern for
ものの  although, but
やむを得ず（やむをえず）  to do out of necessity; to be obliged to
ような気がする  have a feeling that
よっぽど; よほど  very much; a great deal
より仕方がない （よりしかたがない）  to have no choice but to ~; to have no option but to ~
ろくに〜ない  not do something properly; not enough; not do something well
わけ  reason
わけがない  there's now way that~; couldn't possibly~
わけではない  ~ is not (the reason), ~ doesn't mean (that)
わけにはいかない  can't very well do
をめぐって  over, centering around, concerning
を中心に  to center around, to focus on, to revolve around
を占める（をしめる）  to occupy, to hold, to take up
を問わず (をとわず)  regardless of, irrespective of, no matter
を通じて（をつうじて）  through ~, throughout ~
一方（いっぽう）で  on the other hand
万一（まんいち）、万が一（まんがいち）  if by chance; if ~ were to~
上で（うえで）  after ~; upon ~; when ~
以上（は）  since~; seeing that/now that~; as long as~
以外の  except ~, other than ~, with the exception of ~
何しろ（なにしろ）  in any case; anyhow; because
何といっても〜  whatever anybody says, after all, by any account
別に〜ない  not ~, not necessarily ~, not particularly ~
割りに, わりに  despite; although
及び（および）  and; as well as; both X and Y
反面（はんめん）  but on the other hand, but on the other side
契機に  use as an opportunity to do
差し支えない（さしつかえない）  it's all right; have no objection
思うように〜（おもうように）  as one imagines; as one wishes; as one desires
恐れがある  there is a fear that, is at risk of, to be in danger of
折に（おりに）  when (for a special occasion)
振り（ぶり）  since
援助  support or aid for a person/group that is in a difficult situation
支持  support for a person/group/opinion emotionally and/or in principle
支援  support for a person/group physically or technically
次第だ, 次第で  depending on
次第（しだい）  as soon as ~, steadily
気になる（きになる）  to be curious about; be concerned about; be worried about
確か（たしか）〜  If I'm not mistaken; if I'm correct; as I recall
通り（とおり or どおり）  just as, in the same way
限り（かぎり）  limited to, while, as long as, as far as ~ knows
際に（さいに）  on the occasion of; at the time of
JLPT N1 grammar points
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being more polite than ください 
noun + がてら   while
verb plain form + なり  as soon as
verb stem + んばかり 
〜いかん  X depends on Y
〜かれ〜かれ  sooner or later; more or less
〜がため  in order to
〜が早いか（がはやいか）  as soon as
〜たが最後（〜たがさいご） 
〜たところで  even if you do~; even if one does~
〜と思いきや〜  I expected ~, but ~; I thought ~, but ~
〜にたえない  very ~; extremely ~
〜めく  look like; seem like; have an air of
〜をもって  by means of; with; by; through; at; as far as
〜を皮切りに (をかわきりに)  starting with~
あえて  dare
あくまでも  to the utmost
あるまじき  not appropriate; not acceptable
かたがた  as well as; while
きらいがある  have a tendency to ~; tend to ~
こととて  due to the fact that
ことなしに  without doing~
ずくめ  all~; full of~; entirely~
ただ～のみだ  all we can do is; can do nothing but; only
たりとも  every little~; even a single~; not even a~
だけまし  at least ~; you should be grateful for ~
っぱなし  leaving ~ on, still in use
てからというもの  since~; ever since~; after~
てみせる  will definitely do
てやまない  will always~; will never stop~
であれ  no matter what; no matter who; no matter~
ではあるまいし  it isn't as if~; it's not like~
とあって  because of
とあれば  if ~; if it is the case that ~
といえども  even~; even though~; though~
としたところで  even if something is~; even if one does something~
とはいうものの  having said that
とは言え／とはいえ  even so, that said, be that as it may
ともなると  once X happens Y will occur
と相（あい）まって  together with ~; along with ~; coupled with ~
ないではすまない  must
ながらに  while~ (in the same state); during~
ながらも  although; despite
なくしては  without
なしに  without
ならでは  unique to; only found in
にあって  due to
にかこつけて  in the name of~; under the veil of~; on the pretext of~
にかたくない  it's not hard to~; it's not difficult to~
にしたって  even if ~
にそくして   in line with~; based on~
にたえない  can't bear ~; can't stand ~
にひきかえ  in contrast to ~; while X is ~ Y is ~
にもまして  above all else; more than
に足る  be worthy of; deserve; to be enough
に（は）あたらない  it's no surprise that~; it's not worth~
はおろか  let alone~; not to mention~
は言うまでもない  it goes without saying
べからず  must not; should not; don't
べく  in order to; to
まみれ  to be covered in; all over
もさることながら  not only ~ but also
や否や（やいなや）  as soon as; no sooner than; the moment that
ゆえ（に）  because; therefore
ようが、おうが、ようと (~まいが、~まいと）  regardless of ~; no matter what ~; however ~
をおして  in spite of ~; although ~
をよそに  despite ~
を禁じ得ない（きんじえない）  can't help but ~
を経て （へて）  after
を踏まえて（ふまえて）  based on ~; that reflects ~
を限りに（をかぎりに）  will stop at ~; at the top of one's voice
傍ら（かたわら）  besides doing~also doing~; while doing~also doing~
厄年 (やくどし)  critical ages
如し（ごとし）, ごとく, ごとき  like; as if; as though
始末だ （しまつだ）  in the end ~; end up ~
少なくとも（すくなくとも）  at least
情勢  describes a situation, circumstances, state of affairs
手前  since ~; when considering ~; out of decency
損ねる（そこねる）  miss (something); fail (to do something)
極まる（きわまる） 極まりない（きわまりない）  extremely; very
（で）すら  even
（の）いかんで  depending on~
（の）ところを  although timing is not the best~; despite this not being the greatest time~
～ないまでも  even if you don't
～を余儀（よぎ）なくされる  forced to ~
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