Grammar Overview - Kanshudo

お

honorific / humble prefix

さ

turns an い adjective into a noun

2

4

JLPT:

よ

emphasis marker

ら

pluralizing suffix

3

JLPT:

〜げ

seems like, seems

1

5

JLPT:

あの

that ~ over there

3

JLPT:

きり

only; just

3

JLPT:

こそ

it is ~ that, ~ is the very (thing being emphasized), (for emphasis)

1

5

JLPT:

する

to do

せよ

archaic volitional

2

4

JLPT:

そう

seems that, looks like

だけ

only

3

JLPT:

って

casual version of という

つつ

while

1

5

JLPT:

です

is, am, are

とも

to emphasize a response or statement

4

2

JLPT:

なお

moreover; furthermore; additionally

2

4

JLPT:

など

~ etc., things like ~

1

5

JLPT:

ので

because

2

4

JLPT:

のに

despite

2

4

JLPT:

はず

ought

べき

should; ought to

ほか

as well as; besides; other than

3

JLPT:

ほど

extent

2

3

JLPT:

まい

negative volitional

また

also; moreover

もし

if

やら

etc etc ...

よう

way of doing, way to do

1

よく

often

4

2

JLPT:

わけ

reason

3

JLPT:

さえ / でさえ

even, not ~ even, let alone

これ & この, それ & その, あれ & あの

this and that

3

けど, けれども

but

3

JLPT:

〜がち

apt to do; lots of

2

4

JLPT:

〜がる

(someone else) feels (something)

3

JLPT:

〜まま

as it is; as is; in its current state

5

1

JLPT:

あえて

dare

4

2

JLPT:

あげく

in the end; finally

2

4

JLPT:

あとで

after

あなた

you

3

JLPT:

あまり

not much; too ~

3

JLPT:

うちに

while still

おかげ

thanks to

かろう

negative volitional

4

2

JLPT:

くせに

although

3

JLPT:

ぐらい

about, around, approximately

これで

with this

3

JLPT:

ごとに

every, each

しかも

moreover

すると

then

せめて

at least

そして

and

3

JLPT:

たびに

whenever

だから

because

だけで

just by (doing)

だけに

precisely because ~; as one might expect

3

JLPT:

つい〜

accidentally, by accident, in spite of oneself

3

JLPT:

ついに

finally; at last

3

JLPT:

つまり

in other words, that is to say, in short

とやら

~ or whatever

2

4

JLPT:

ながら

while doing

3

JLPT:

なんて

for emphasis

4

2

JLPT:

により

by (means of), through

2

4

JLPT:

はやい

early; fast

2

4

JLPT:

みたい

seems

3

JLPT:

むしろ

I would rather~; not so much ~ as ~

ものだ

is (but with a hint of emotion)

ものの

although, but

2

4

JLPT:

やっと

at last

やはり

as expected

ようだ

appears to be

よって

therefore; because (Kansai-ben)

より〜

more ~

3

JLPT:

よりも

more than anything, anyone, etc, above all

わけだ

statement of judgement or opinion

3

JLPT:

わりに

unexpectedly

〜うえに

in addition ~

5

1

JLPT:

〜がため

in order to

1

5

JLPT:

〜くする

to make something ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜たがる

(someone else) wants to (do something)

〜ために

in order to

3

JLPT:

〜ところ

just (about to / doing / did)

3

JLPT:

〜として

as (a) ~, in the role of ~

〜どころ

substitution for 〜なもの

2

4

JLPT:

〜ないで

don't do

3

JLPT:

〜ないで

without doing

2

4

JLPT:

〜にする

to make something

1

5

JLPT:

〜まえに

before

3

JLPT:

〜ように

in order to~, so that~, to~

3

JLPT:

〜らしい

like, seems like

3

JLPT:

いったい

what on earth~?, what in the world~?

2

4

JLPT:

いっぱい

full

3

JLPT:

かえって

on the contrary, all the more, rather

2

4

JLPT:

かどうか

whether or not

4

2

JLPT:

かねない

be likely to, quite possible that, be capable of

4

2

JLPT:

からには

now that

きっかけ

opportunity, motivation

きれない

unable to finish / complete something

ことから

since; from the fact that ~

5

1

JLPT:

こととて

due to the fact that

3

JLPT:

さらに〜

moreover, furthermore, additionally, an additional

しにいく

go to do

3

JLPT:

すでに〜

already

せっかく

(thank you for ) troubling to, going to great pains for

そのもの

itself

それから

then

それなら

if that's so

4

2

JLPT:

ついでに

along the way, at the same time

3

JLPT:

つもりで

having the intention of

1

5

JLPT:

でしょう

probably is

3

JLPT:

ところで

by the way

3

JLPT:

とともに

together with

3

JLPT:

どうやら

seems like, looks like, appears that, apparently

どころか

far from, anything but, on the contrary

5

1

JLPT:

にあって

due to

3

JLPT:

において

in, at (place), as for, in relation to~

3

JLPT:

における

in, at (place), as for, in relation to~

3

JLPT:

にしては

considering that

3

JLPT:

について

about, concerning

3

JLPT:

にとって

for, to, from the standpoint of

2

4

JLPT:

のような

turns a noun into an adjective

2

4

JLPT:

のように

like

3

JLPT:

ば〜ほど

the more ~ the more ~

3

JLPT:

まさか〜

there's no way, by no means, that's impossible, you must be joking

んとする

try to do

3

JLPT:

によって / による

depending on, due to

1

5

JLPT:

〜がいます

there is

2

4

JLPT:

〜そうです

seems like

3

JLPT:

〜たものだ

I used to do ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜という〜

such as, that's called

〜にしても

even if

〜につれて

as a result of ~; in response to ~; along with ~

3

JLPT:

〜になれる

get used to~, become accustomed to

3

JLPT:

〜によると

according to ~

5

1

JLPT:

あくまでも

to the utmost

3

JLPT:

ことがある

there are times when, there are times that

ことがない

has not happened, never happens, have never

2

4

JLPT:

ことにする

decide

3

JLPT:

ことになる

be decided or arranged

3

JLPT:

ことはない

there is no need to, never happens

したがって

therefore

3

JLPT:

せいぜい〜

at best~, at most~, no more than~, at worst~

4

2

JLPT:

そういった

that kind of, such things, things such as

ないでくれ

please don't

3

JLPT:

なかなか〜

quite~, pretty~, rather~, just not ~

4

2

JLPT:

にあたって

on the occasion of ~; when ~

4

2

JLPT:

にすぎない

merely; only; nothing but; no more than

にわたって

ねばらない

have to do, feel obliged to do

はもちろん

not only ~; not to mention ~

ふりをする

pretend

3

JLPT:

わざわざ〜

to go to the trouble of, to go out of one's way

4

2

JLPT:

をめぐって

over, centering around, concerning

4

2

JLPT:

〜あるいは〜

1

5

JLPT:

〜から〜まで

from ~ until ~

〜かれ〜かれ

sooner or later; more or less

1

5

JLPT:

〜があります

there is

〜につながる

be connected with; lead to

3

JLPT:

〜ようにする

make sure to, be sure to, try concertedly to (do something)

3

JLPT:

〜ようになる

come about

いくら～ても

however much; no matter how much

からといって

just because; even though

2

4

JLPT:

ことができる

can do

1

とおもいます

think

3

JLPT:

とても〜ない

cannot possibly be, hardly

3

JLPT:

どうしても〜

no matter what, by all means, at any cost

3

JLPT:

ないうちに〜

before~

なんか〜ない

indicate something unexpected or unwanted

にともなって

as ~; in proportion to ~

ばかりでなく

not only ~

2

JLPT:

わけではない

~ is not (the reason), ~ doesn't mean (that)

5

1

JLPT:

～ないまでも

even if you don't

2

4

JLPT:

〜かもしれない

may be

〜でできている

is made of ~

あまりに（も）

too ~; too much; excessive ~

5

1

JLPT:

とはいうものの

having said that

ほとんど〜ない

hardly, scarcely, few

2

4

JLPT:

～なくてもいい

ok not to do

1

5

JLPT:

～のがすきです

like

〜から〜にかけて

through ~ to ~; from ~ to ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜たらどうですか

suggestion

1

5

JLPT:

〜たり〜たりする

list

2

4

JLPT:

〜といい（です）

would be nice if ~

1

5

JLPT:

〜ないでください

please do not

〜にとどまらない

not only ~; not just ~

〜にもかかわらず

in spite of; although

1

5

JLPT:

〜のほうが〜より

comparisons

3

JLPT:

〜は〜ぐらいです

~ is as ~ as, ~ is to the extent of ~

1

5

JLPT:

まだ〜ていません

not yet

わけにはいかない

can't very well do

〜くなればなったで

become (with a sense of inevitability)

1

5

JLPT:

〜んです／〜のです

emphasize or soften a phrase

3

JLPT:

～には～の～がある

There is / are ~ in ~

ないわけにはいかない

can't very well not do; have to do

1

5

JLPT:

けれども、けれど、けど

but, though, however

～ずに（は）いられない

cannot help but ...

～だけで（は）なく〜も

not only~ but also~

1

5

JLPT:

～のなかで～がいちばん

is the best

1

5

JLPT:

〜くなります／になります

become

3

JLPT:

としたら・とすれば・とすると

if we assume ~

くださる、くださいます、くださいません

の adjectives

たる adjectives

Adverbial nouns

1

5

JLPT:

Adverbs

1

ちち and おとうさん

さん, くん and ちゃん

honorific naming suffixes

ひらがな and かたかな

Hiragana and katakana, the two Japanese syllabaries

2

4

JLPT:

い and な adjectives

いい, よい and 良い

き archaic adjective form

Average Japanese sentence length

5

1

JLPT:

being more polite than ください

casual sentence ending particle さ

Colloquial variations of Japanese

3

Compound verbs

2

4

JLPT:

Counters for objects and other things

decimals and fractions

1

5

JLPT:

difference between で and に

difference between だけ and しか

4

2

JLPT:

embedded questions

いけない／ならない etc

various ways to express obligation

excuses, apologies, and attracting attention

Family members

て form + いただく

to have someone do something (humble)

て form + このかた

since ~

1

Getting started with Japanese grammar

Godan 五段 (ごだん) 'う' form verbs

Ichidan 一段 (いちだん) 'る' form verbs

1

'I' omission

Irregular verbs

1

5

JLPT:

Japanese dates

1

Japanese greetings

1

5

JLPT:

Japanese numbers and counting

Japanese punctuation

2

Japanese verbs and verb conjugation

1

Japanese word order

2

Key verb conjugations

ぬ negative

classical negative form

ざる negative

archaic negative

nominalization with こと

create nouns from other parts of speech

1

5

JLPT:

noun + する / します

3

JLPT:

noun + っぽい

~ish, -like

5

1

JLPT:

noun + がてら

while

1

5

JLPT:

noun + ですから

because

4

2

JLPT:

noun + からいって

considering, as a result of

1

5

JLPT:

noun + になります

become

3

JLPT:

noun + をはじめ〜

including ~, such as ~, starting with ~, for example ~

noun + 向き（むき）

suitable for ~

noun + 向け（むけ）

aimed at ~

2

4

JLPT:

number + も

as many as

1

other forms of です

1

5

JLPT:

particle か

question marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle が

subject marker

2

4

JLPT:

particle し

and

1

5

JLPT:

particle で

where an action takes place

particle で

by a mode of transport

1

5

JLPT:

particle と

and

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

date indicator

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

an overview of the uses of に

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

frequency indicator

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

location marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

time indicator

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

destination marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle ね

tag question marker

particle の

at sentence end to indicate a question

1

5

JLPT:

particle の

noun replacement

1

5

JLPT:

particle の

possessive marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle は

topic marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle へ

direction marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle も

too, also

1

5

JLPT:

particle や

and

3

particle わ

feminine sentence ender

1

5

JLPT:

particle を

direct object marker

present continuous for state

3

JLPT:

question wordでも

anything, anyone, anywhere, etc

sentence ending particle な

4

2

JLPT:

suffix っけ

what was ~ again?

1

Telling the time in Japanese

the character ヶ

the many uses of 気（き）

1

5

JLPT:

topic marker は is pronounced 'wa'

1

Transitive and intransitive verbs

using passive form as honorific

1

5

JLPT:

verb + のがへた

bad at

1

5

JLPT:

verb + のがじょうず

good at

2

4

JLPT:

verb / adjective て form + も

even if ~

2

4

JLPT:

verb causative form

make something happen

2

4

JLPT:

verb ば conditional form

if

2

4

JLPT:

verb たら conditional form

if

2

4

JLPT:

verb なら conditional form

if

4

2

JLPT:

さえ + verb ば form

if only ~, once ~

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form

imperative, and basis of other constructions

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form

and

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form

4

2

JLPT:

verb て form + は

alternately

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + ある

is completed

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + いく

go on doing, continue

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + おく

put in place

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + から

after

verb て form + くる

become; do ~ and come back

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + みる

try to do

verb て form + やる

do something for somebody

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + あげる

do for somebody, give

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + くれる

receive

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + しまう

complete; accidentally do; end up doing

3

JLPT:

verb て form + ばかり

nothing but; only

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + ほしい

want (someone to do something)

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + もらう

to have someone do something

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + ください

please (do, go, open, etc)

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + よかった

expresses gratitude

2

4

JLPT:

verb ば form + よかった

should have done

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + すみません

I'm sorry for doing ~

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + もいいです

permission

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + います／いる

'ing' - present continuous

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + はいけません

must not do

verb て form + いました／いた

past continuous

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + いただけませんか

will you please do

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + くれてありがとう

thank you for doing ~ for me

verb なくて form + なりません

have to do

1

5

JLPT:

verb なくて form + はいけません

have to do

2

4

JLPT:

verb なければ form + なりません

1

5

JLPT:

verb ます form (also known as the polite form)

3

JLPT:

verb て form + 初めて

not until... that..., only after... did ....

2

4

JLPT:

verb negative form

verb negative past form

2

4

JLPT:

しか + verb negative plain form

nothing but

verb negative stem

3

JLPT:

verb negative stem + ずに

without doing

1

5

JLPT:

verb or い adjective + から

because

2

4

JLPT:

verb passive causative (させられる) form

is made to happen

2

4

JLPT:

verb passive form

is done

verb past progressive form

continuous past action

5

1

JLPT:

verb plain form + なり

as soon as

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain form + つもりです

intention

2

4

JLPT:

verb plain form (also known as the dictionary form)

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain form vs polite form

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain negative + ほうがいい（です）

had better not do

2

4

JLPT:

verb plain past + ばかり

just

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain past + ことがあります

having done

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain past + ほうがいい（です）

had better do

2

4

JLPT:

verb plain past form

2

4

JLPT:

verb potential form

ability to do

verb progressive form

in progress

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem

base part of a verb

verb stem + ぬ

completely finish

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + おう

plain volitional form (let's ~) for godan verbs

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + かた

way

3

JLPT:

verb stem + たて

(something) is just done, (something) is freshly/newly done

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + よう

plain volitional form (let's ~) for ichidan verbs

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + なさい

indicates an order

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + にくい

difficult

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ません

negative

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + やすい

easy

1

verb stem + ました

simple past

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + たいです

want (to do something)

4

2

JLPT:

verb stem + つつある

continues to be/do

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + はじめる

begin to do

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ましょう

volitional form (let's ~)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ませんか

invitation

5

1

JLPT:

verb stem + んばかり

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ましょうか

volitional form (shall we do ~)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + たかったです

wanted (to do something)

3

JLPT:

verb stem + あげる／あがる

finish, complete

verb stem + にくる／にきます

come to (do something)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + にいく／にいきます

go to (do something)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem or adjective + すぎる

too much

verb stem + 出す

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + に来ます（にきます）

come to do

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem 直す

to redo (something), to (do something again)

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem 終わる

to finish, to end

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem 続ける

to continue (doing something)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + に行きます（にいきます）

go to do

1

5

JLPT:

verb volitional form

let's ~, shall we ~

3

JLPT:

verb volitional form + とする

try to do

3

JLPT:

verb volitional form + としない

not trying to ~, not making an effort to ~

くらい vs ぐらい

います vs あります

existence; possession

〜にしては vs 〜としては

〜ないで vs 〜なくて vs 〜ずに

the difference between the ないで, なくて, ずに negative joining forms

ことにする vs に決(き)める

1

5

JLPT:

X は Y です

X is Y

3

JLPT:

X は Y で有名

X is famous for Y

一（いち）〜もない

never, none, not one ~

1

一人で

alone

3

JLPT:

一体（いったい）

(emphasis)

4

2

JLPT:

一方（いっぽう）で

on the other hand

七 and 四

how to read the kanji for seven and four

1

5

JLPT:

万 and 一万

10,000

4

2

JLPT:

その上（そのうえ）

furthermore; besides; in addition

〜上

within (location, field, domain etc.)

4

2

JLPT:

上で（うえで）

after

上下

じょうげ／うえした and more

中

throughout; while etc

4

2

JLPT:

を中心に

to center around, to focus on, to revolve around

今や（いまや）

now (in contrast to the past)

3

JLPT:

に代わって

instead of, in place of, on behalf of

3

JLPT:

代わり

in return for

仮に（かりに）

supposing that; providing that

って／とは何ですか

What is~?

～を余儀（よぎ）なくされる

forced to ~

例の〜

that (thing), that (person)

傾向がある（けいこうがある）

there is a tendency ~

全く（まったく）

entirely, completely, really, truly

１０分

じっぷん or じゅっぷん?

～は別として（べつとして）

apart from, aside from

助動詞（じょどうし）

auxiliary verbs

4

2

JLPT:

を占める

to occupy, to hold, take up

5

1

JLPT:

厄年 (やくどし)

critical ages

て参る（てまいる）

humble form of either て来る or て行く

4

2

JLPT:

に反して

against, contrary to

4

2

JLPT:

反面（はんめん）

but on the other hand, but on the other side

と同じように

like~, the same way as, in the same manner as

4

2

JLPT:

に基づいて

based on

2

4

JLPT:

場合（ばあい）

in the case of, if

することが多い

There are often times when~

4

2

JLPT:

に対して

toward, to, for, against

5

1

JLPT:

少なくとも（すくなくとも）

at least

1

らい年（ねん）

next year

当て字・熟字訓・義訓

ateji, jukujikun and gikun

形式名詞（けいしきめいし)

nominalizers

影響を与える（えいきょうをあたえる）

to affect, to influence

お待たせ（おまたせ）する

make wait

4

2

JLPT:

に従って（にしたがって）

therefore

〜ざるを得ない（ざるをえない）

can't help doing

〜得る（うる／える）

is possible to

必ずしも〜ない

not necessarily ~

4

2

JLPT:

に応じて

in accordance with, according to

ではないかと思う

I suspect that, I get the feeling that, I imagine that

と思われる

to be believed to be, to seem to be, to appear to be

4

2

JLPT:

恐れがある

there is a fear that, is at risk of, to be in danger of

5

1

JLPT:

情勢

describes a situation, circumstances, state of affairs

3

承知（しょうち）

know

4

2

JLPT:

折に（おりに）

when (for a special occasion)

4

2

JLPT:

振り（ぶり）

since

4

2

JLPT:

援助

support or aid for a person/group that is in a difficult situation

5

1

JLPT:

損ねる（そこねる）

miss (something); fail (to do something)

4

2

JLPT:

支持

support for a person/group/opinion emotionally and/or in principle

4

2

JLPT:

支援

to support a person/group physically or technically

5

1

JLPT:

〜が早いか

as soon as

1

5

JLPT:

時（とき）

when

末に（すえに）

in the end; at the end of

〜に次いで（についで）

after ~; next to ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜が欲しい（ほしい）

want (something)

〜と比べて（とくらべて）

compared to ~

3

JLPT:

ような気がする

have a feeling that

決(き)める

decide

決して～ない（けっして～ない）

by no means

4

2

JLPT:

に沿って（にそって）

go along (with), parallel to, in accordance with

3

JLPT:

物（もの）vs 事（こと）

things

3

JLPT:

状態

describes a state, condition, circumstance, etc

3

JLPT:

状況

describes a state, condition, circumstance (of something that is subject to frequent change)

発展（はってん）成長（せいちょう）開発（かいはつ）

synonyms for growth and development

3

JLPT:

〜的 (てき)

turns a noun into an adjective

6

節（ふし）がある

come to mind

3

JLPT:

結局

in the end, after all, end up

4

2

JLPT:

た結果

as a result of, after, upon

〜を考えると

considering; taking into account

4

2

JLPT:

とか聞きました（とかききました）

I heard something to the effect that

聞く

ask or listen

に至る（にいたる）

reach

〜行き（ゆき）

bound for ~

見える vs 見られる

is visible vs can be seen

ご覧（ごらん）

please look (at ~); please try to ~

5

1

JLPT:

とは言え／とはいえ

even so, that said, be that as it may

4

2

JLPT:

と言えば

speaking of, on the subject of

5

1

JLPT:

は言うまでもない

it goes without saying

1

5

JLPT:

と言います / と言いました

report or quote speech

貸す（かす） and 借りる（かりる）

lend and borrow

3

こむ／込む compound verbs

4

2

JLPT:

を通じて

through~

4

2

JLPT:

通り

just as, in the same way

連体形（れんたいけい）

attributive (noun-modifying) form

連体詞（れんたいし）

rentaishi

1

連濁（れんだく）

voicing of first consonant in second part of a compound word

3

JLPT:

に違いない

certainly

2

違う（ちがう）

differ from

2

4

JLPT:

間（あいだ）/ 間に（あいだに）

during

3

JLPT:

〜に関して（にかんして）

related to, in connection with

〜に関わる（にかかわる）

bearing on ~; related to ~

3

JLPT:

に関する

about, on (the subject of), in relation to, related to

関心がある（かんしんがある）

have an interest

関西弁（かんさいべん）

the Kansai dialect of Japanese

3

JLPT:

（に）限る

limit (-ed to), restrict (-ed to)

4

2

JLPT:

に限らず

not just, not only~but, not limited to

4

2

JLPT:

限り（かぎり）

limited to, while, as long as

～を除いて（をのぞいて）

apart from; except

2

JLPT:

際に

on the occasion of; at the time of

3

JLPT:

面

perspective, aspect, side

1

音読み（おんよみ）and 訓読み（くんよみ）

on and kun readings of kanji

頃(ころ)

when (for a period or era)

Kanshudo's Japanese Grammar Overview