Grammar Overview - Kanshudo

4

2

JLPT:

~ものですから

it's because ~; the reason is ~

々

kanji repetition symbol

お

honorific / humble prefix

さ

turns an い adjective into a noun

ら

pluralizing suffix

3

JLPT:

〜げ

seems like, seems

1

5

JLPT:

あの

that ~ over there

かけ

not yet finished

3

JLPT:

きり

only; just

3

JLPT:

こそ

it is ~ that, ~ is the very (thing being emphasized), (for emphasis)

1

5

JLPT:

する

to do

せよ

archaic volitional

2

4

JLPT:

そう

seems that, looks like

だけ

only

だと

exclamation

3

JLPT:

って

casual version of という

っと

rhetorical reinforcement particle

つつ

while

1

5

JLPT:

です

is, am, are

とか

~ or something

とも

to emphasize a response or statement

4

2

JLPT:

なお

moreover; furthermore; additionally

なき

~less; without ~; no-one; nothing

2

4

JLPT:

など

~ etc., things like ~

4

にて

formal location marker

1

5

JLPT:

ので

because

2

4

JLPT:

のに

despite

2

4

JLPT:

はず

ought

へと

add emphasis and color

4

2

JLPT:

べき

should; ought to

5

1

JLPT:

べく

in order to; to

ほか

as well as; besides; other than

3

2

JLPT:

まい

negative volitional

また

also; moreover

まで

the various uses of まで

もう

already; no longer; no more

もし

if

やら

etc etc ...

5

1

JLPT:

ゆえ

because; therefore

よう

way of doing, way to do

1

よく

often

4

りゃ

colloquial contraction of れば or りは

4

2

JLPT:

わけ

reason

これ & この, それ & その, あれ & あの

this and that

2

には, では, とは

emphasis

3

JLPT:

さえ, でさえ

even, not ~ even, let alone

3

けど, けれども

but

3

JLPT:

〜がち

apt to do; lots of

2

4

JLPT:

〜がる

(someone else) feels (something)

〜っこ

play or compete at ~ together

〜のか

embedded question / expressing doubt

3

JLPT:

〜まま

as it is; as is; in its current state

5

1

JLPT:

〜めく

look like; seem like; have an air of

5

1

JLPT:

あえて

dare

4

2

JLPT:

あげく

in the end; finally

2

4

JLPT:

あとで

after

あなた

you

3

JLPT:

あまり

not much; too ~

3

ある〜

a certain

3

JLPT:

うちに

while still

おかげ

thanks to

およそ

roughly, approximately; totally

かしら

I wonder if ...

かろう

formal plain volitional

4

2

JLPT:

くせに

despite; although; even though

ことか

exclamation or indirect question

3

JLPT:

ことに

do; happen; provide emphasis; differ

これで

with this

3

JLPT:

ごとに

every, each

しかし

however, but

しかも

moreover

すると

then

5

1

JLPT:

ずくめ

all~; full of~; entirely~

4

2

JLPT:

せめて

at least

そこで

so, therefore

そして

and

3

JLPT:

たびに

whenever

だから

because; therefore

だけで

just by (doing)

だけに

precisely because ~; as one might expect

3

だらけ

covered in

3

JLPT:

つい〜

accidentally, by accident, in spite of oneself

3

JLPT:

ついに

finally; at last

3

JLPT:

つまり

in other words, that is to say, in short

てって

colloquial contraction of ていって

5

1

JLPT:

であれ

no matter what; no matter who; no matter~

3

となる

become (with finality)

とやら

~ or whatever

2

4

JLPT:

ながら

while doing

5

1

JLPT:

なしに

without

3

JLPT:

なんて

for emphasis

4

2

JLPT:

につき

due to ~; with regard to ~

につけ

both ~ and ~; every time ~

4

2

JLPT:

により

by (means of), through

のでは

express belief

2

4

JLPT:

はやい

early; fast

まして

to say nothing of; let alone; what's more

までに

by, by the time

5

1

JLPT:

まみれ

to be covered in; all over

まるで

entirely, completely; as if, as though

2

4

JLPT:

みたい

seems

3

JLPT:

むしろ

I would rather~; not so much ~ as ~

4

ものだ

is (but with a hint of emotion)

4

2

JLPT:

ものの

although, but

やがる

expresses contempt

2

4

JLPT:

やっと

at last

やはり

as expected

2

4

JLPT:

ようだ

appears to be

よって

therefore; because (Kansai-ben)

より〜

more ~

3

JLPT:

よりも

more than anything, anyone, etc, above all

わけだ

statement of judgement or opinion

わりと

relatively

じみる / じみた

looks like

2

あげる, くれる, もらう

giving and receiving

5

1

JLPT:

〜いかん

X depends on Y

〜うえに

in addition ~

2

〜おきに

every ~

4

2

JLPT:

〜かねる

cannot do~; unable to do~; ~is tricky to do

5

1

JLPT:

〜がため

in order to

1

5

JLPT:

〜くする

to make something ~

4

2

JLPT:

〜せいか

perhaps because; maybe due to

3

JLPT:

〜せいで

as a result of ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜たがる

(someone else) wants to (do something)

2

3

JLPT:

〜ために

in order to

〜てくれ

abrupt request

3

JLPT:

〜ところ

just (about to / doing / did)

3

JLPT:

〜として

as (a) ~, in the role of ~

〜どころ

substitution for 〜なもの

2

4

JLPT:

〜ないで

don't do (negative imperative)

3

JLPT:

〜ないで

without doing

2

4

JLPT:

〜にする

to make something ~

1

5

JLPT:

〜まえに

before

〜まくる

do something intensely

3

JLPT:

〜ように

in order to~, so that~, to~

3

JLPT:

〜らしい

like, seems like

3

あらゆる

all, every

3

JLPT:

いったい

what on earth~?, what in the world~?

2

4

JLPT:

いっぱい

full

お〜する

affirmative humble

3

JLPT:

かえって

on the contrary, all the more, rather

5

1

JLPT:

かたがた

as well as; while

2

4

JLPT:

かどうか

whether or not

4

2

JLPT:

かねない

be likely to; quite possible that; be capable of

からこそ

precisely because

からして

judging by, based on

からで〜

4

2

JLPT:

からには

now that

4

2

JLPT:

きっかけ

opportunity, motivation

ことから

since; from the fact that ~

5

1

JLPT:

こととて

due to the fact that

3

JLPT:

さらに〜

moreover, furthermore, additionally, an additional

しにいく

go to do

3

JLPT:

すでに〜

already

ずいぶん

considerably

せっかく

(thank you for ) troubling to, going to great pains for

そのもの

itself

それから

then

それなら

if that's so

4

2

JLPT:

たちまち

right away; in a moment; quickly

5

1

JLPT:

たりとも

every little~; even a single~; not even a~

5

1

JLPT:

だけまし

at least ~; you should be grateful for ~

っこない

~ will not happen; is no chance that ~

5

1

JLPT:

っぱなし

leaving ~ on, still in use

4

2

JLPT:

ついでに

along the way, at the same time

3

JLPT:

つもりで

having the intention of

ておくれ

softened form of てくれ

5

1

JLPT:

てみせる

will definitely do

1

5

JLPT:

でしょう

probably is

5

1

JLPT:

とあって

because of

5

1

JLPT:

とあれば

if ~; if it is the case that ~

4

2

JLPT:

とうてい

can't possibly~; there's no way~

3

JLPT:

ところで

by the way

4

2

JLPT:

としても

even if

3

JLPT:

とともに

together with

3

JLPT:

どうやら

seems like, looks like, appears that, apparently

どころか

far from, anything but, on the contrary

5

1

JLPT:

ながらに

while~ (in the same state); during~

5

1

JLPT:

ながらも

although; despite

3

JLPT:

なぜなら

because

5

1

JLPT:

ならでは

unique to; only found in

4

2

JLPT:

なるべく

where possible, as ~ as possible

5

1

JLPT:

にあって

due to

3

JLPT:

において

in, at (place), as for, in relation to~

3

JLPT:

における

in, at (place), as for, in relation to~

3

JLPT:

にしては

considering that

3

JLPT:

について

about, concerning

3

JLPT:

にとって

for, to, from the standpoint of

4

2

JLPT:

にのぼる

to reach (figure); to amount to (figure)

2

4

JLPT:

のような

turns a noun into an adjective

2

4

JLPT:

のように

like

5

1

JLPT:

はおろか

let alone~; not to mention~

3

JLPT:

ば〜ほど

the more ~ the more ~

ばかりに

just because ~; on account of ~

5

1

JLPT:

べからず

must not; should not; don't

4

2

JLPT:

ほかない

nothing to do but ~

3

JLPT:

まさか〜

there's no way, by no means, that's impossible, you must be joking

5

1

JLPT:

をおして

in spite of ~; although ~

をもとに

based on, from

5

1

JLPT:

をよそに

despite ~

んとする

try to do

3

JLPT:

によって, による

depending on, due to

4

2

JLPT:

よっぽど; よほど

very much; a great deal

1

5

JLPT:

〜がいます

there is

2

4

JLPT:

〜そうです

seems ~ or I heard that ~

3

JLPT:

〜たものだ

used to do ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜という〜

such as, that's called

〜ときたら

concerning ~; when it comes to ~

〜とみえる

seems

4

2

JLPT:

〜にあたる

relating to~, to do with~, that is~

〜にしても

even if

4

2

JLPT:

〜につれて

as a result of ~; in response to ~; along with ~

3

JLPT:

〜になれる

get used to ~, become accustomed to ~

3

JLPT:

〜によると

according to ~

〜ましたら

polite たら form

5

1

JLPT:

〜をもって

by means of; with; by; through

5

1

JLPT:

あくまでも

to the utmost

5

1

JLPT:

あるまじき

not appropriate; not acceptable

4

2

JLPT:

いよいよ〜

finally~; at last~

3

JLPT:

ことがある

there are times when, there are times that

ことがない

has not happened, never happens, have never

5

ことごとく

entirely; altogether

5

1

JLPT:

ことなしに

without doing~

2

4

JLPT:

ことにする

decide

3

JLPT:

ことになる

be decided or arranged

3

JLPT:

ことはない

there is no need to, never happens

したがって

therefore

3

JLPT:

せいぜい〜

at best~, at most~, no more than~, at worst~

4

2

JLPT:

そういった

that kind of, such things, things such as

4

2

JLPT:

そうにない

extremely unlikely

だけあって

precisely because ~; as one might expect

だとしたら

if that's the case

5

1

JLPT:

てやまない

will always~; will never stop~

ということ

nominalizer

というわけ

that means ~

5

1

JLPT:

といえども

even~; even though~; though~

5

1

JLPT:

ともなると

when; once (you get to a certain point in time or life)

1

どうやって

how to do something

ないでくれ

please don't

2

4

JLPT:

なかなか〜

quite~, pretty~, rather~, just not ~

5

1

JLPT:

なくしては

without

4

2

JLPT:

にあたって

on the occasion of ~; when ~

5

1

JLPT:

にしたって

even if ~

4

2

JLPT:

にすぎない

merely; only; nothing but; no more than

5

1

JLPT:

にたえない

can't bear~; can't stand~

5

1

JLPT:

にひきかえ

in contrast to ~; while X is ~ Y is ~

5

1

JLPT:

にもまして

above all else; more than

4

2

JLPT:

にわたって

はもちろん

not only ~; not to mention ~

ふりをする

pretend

もとになる

わけだから

no wonder

3

JLPT:

わざわざ〜

to go to the trouble of, to go out of one's way

4

2

JLPT:

をめぐって

over, centering around, concerning

5

1

JLPT:

（で）すら

even

5

1

JLPT:

にそくして

in line with~; based on~

4

2

JLPT:

〜あるいは〜

1

5

JLPT:

〜から〜まで

from ~ until ~

5

1

JLPT:

〜かれ〜かれ

sooner or later; more or less

1

5

JLPT:

〜があります

there is

5

1

JLPT:

〜たところで

even if you do~; even if one does~

4

2

JLPT:

〜でいいです

~will do; ~is fine; ~will be fine

〜というより

rather than

4

2

JLPT:

〜にかけては

when it comes to~

5

1

JLPT:

〜にたえない

very; extremely

〜につながる

be connected with; lead to

4

2

JLPT:

〜ばいいのに

I wish ~, I hope ~, if only ~

3

JLPT:

〜ようにする

make sure to, be sure to, try concertedly to (do something)

3

JLPT:

〜ようになる

come about

〜を〜とする

have as; use as; consider as

いくら～ても

however much; no matter how much

4

いたるところ

everywhere

4

2

JLPT:

いったん〜ば

once you do~

4

2

JLPT:

からといって

just because; even though

5

1

JLPT:

きらいがある

have a tendency to ~; tend to ~

2

4

JLPT:

ことができる

can do

4

2

JLPT:

さすが（に）

as would be expected

じゅうぶん〜

~ enough

4

2

JLPT:

それにしても

even if that's the case; even so; at any rate

5

1

JLPT:

ただ～のみだ

all we can do is; can do nothing but; only

4

2

JLPT:

てたまらない

can't stand~; can't help~; can't wait to~

1

とおもいます

think

3

JLPT:

とても〜ない

cannot possibly be, hardly

3

JLPT:

どうしても〜

no matter what, by all means, at any cost

3

JLPT:

ないうちに〜

before~

なんか〜ない

indicate something unexpected or unwanted

5

1

JLPT:

にかこつけて

in the name of~; under the veil of~; on the pretext of~

5

1

JLPT:

にかたくない

it's not hard to~; it's not difficult to~

にともなって

as ~; in proportion to ~

4

2

JLPT:

ねばならない

have to do, feel obliged to do

3

JLPT:

ばかりでなく

not only ~

4

2

JLPT:

ろくに〜ない

don't do something properly; not enough; not do something well

2

JLPT:

わけではない

~ is not (the reason), ~ doesn't mean (that)

5

1

JLPT:

～ないまでも

even if you don't

2

4

JLPT:

〜かもしれない

may be

〜でできている

is made of ~

〜として〜ない

not even for; without exception

あまりに（も）

too ~; too much; excessive ~

てもかまわない

doesn't matter if ~; don't mind ~

5

1

JLPT:

ではあるまいし

it isn't as if~; it's not like~

5

1

JLPT:

としたところで

even if something is~; even if one does something~

5

1

JLPT:

とはいうものの

having said that

どころではない

far from; not the occasion for

4

2

JLPT:

ないことはない

not impossible

ほとんど〜ない

hardly, scarcely, few

5

1

JLPT:

ようが、おうが

regardless of ~; no matter what ~; however ~

5

1

JLPT:

（の）いかんで

depending on~

5

1

JLPT:

（の）ところを

although timing is not the best~; despite this not being the greatest time~

2

4

JLPT:

～なくてもいい

ok not to do

てからでないと, てからでなければ

until ~ something cannot happen

3

〜から〜にかけて

through ~ to ~; from ~ to ~

2

4

JLPT:

〜たらどうですか

suggestion

1

5

JLPT:

〜たり〜たりする

list

2

4

JLPT:

〜といい（です）

would be nice if ~

1

5

JLPT:

〜ないでください

please do not

〜にとどまらない

not only ~; not just ~

〜にもかかわらず

in spite of; although

1

5

JLPT:

〜のほうが〜より

comparisons

3

JLPT:

〜は〜ぐらいです

~ is as ~ as, ~ is to the extent of ~

ここ、そこ、どこ

here, there and where

だけのことはある

not for nothing did ~; it's no wonder that ~

5

1

JLPT:

てからというもの

since~; ever since~; after~

5

1

JLPT:

ないではすまない

must

なりと・なりとも

just a little ~

1

5

JLPT:

まだ〜ていません

not yet

5

1

JLPT:

もさることながら

not only ~ but also

4

2

JLPT:

わけにはいかない

can't very well do

〜くなればなったで

become (with a sense of inevitability)

4

2

JLPT:

〜ではないだろうか

could it be that~; might it be that~

1

5

JLPT:

〜んです／〜のです

emphasize or soften a phrase

5

1

JLPT:

に（は）あたらない

it's no surprise that~; it's not worth~

3

JLPT:

～には～の～がある

There is / are ~ in ~

〜させていただきます

(humble + polite) do

4

2

JLPT:

ないわけにはいかない

can't very well not do; have to do

あと、のち、うしろ、ご

after and behind

1

5

JLPT:

けれども、けれど、けど

but, though, however

～ずに（は）いられない

cannot help but ...

～だけで（は）なく〜も

not only~ but also~

1

5

JLPT:

～のなかで～がいちばん

is the best

1

5

JLPT:

〜くなります／になります

become

3

JLPT:

としたら・とすれば・とすると

if we assume ~

くださる、くださいます、くださいません

それとも、もしくは、あるいは、または、か

expressing alternatives

adjective + bodily function + する

have

adjective conditional form

adjective negative forms

の adjectives

たる adjectives

adverbial nouns

1

5

JLPT:

adverbs

ぜ and ぞ

colloquial versions of よ

っ, ッ and ー

emphasis and elongation

いる / います and ある / あります

existence; possession

1

ちち and おとうさん

さん, くん and ちゃん

honorific naming suffixes

うまい and うまく

delicious / going well

3

JLPT:

ぐらい and くらい

about, around, approximately

ひらがな and かたかな

Hiragana and katakana, the two Japanese syllabaries

2

4

JLPT:

い and な adjectives

いい, よい and 良い

forms of good

an introduction to 敬語（けいご）and politeness in Japanese

き archaic adjective form

し archaic adjective form

archaic / classical / historical forms

〜む auxiliary

expresses conjecture

Average Japanese sentence length

5

1

JLPT:

being more polite than ください

casual sentence ending particle さ

CJK compatibility ideographs

colloquial variations of Japanese

colors in Japanese

3

Compound verbs

ば conditional + いい

should

2

4

JLPT:

ば conditional form

if

なら conditional form

(verbs, adjectives, nouns) if

2

4

JLPT:

counters for objects and other things

counting hours and years

decimals and fractions

1

5

JLPT:

difference between で and に

difference between だけ and しか

あく, あける, ひらく, しめる, しまる, とじる etc.

いけない, ならない etc

various ways to express obligation

excuses, apologies, and attracting attention

extended and rare katakana

family members

て form + おる

humble progressive

て form + いただく

to have someone do something (humble)

て form + このかた

since ~

3

JLPT:

ます form + ように

making a wish

6

〜ぬる form

て form + 参る（まいる）

humble form of either て来る or て行く

1

Getting started with Japanese grammar

Godan 五段（ごだん）'う' form verbs

honorific prefixes ご and お

Ichidan 一段 (いちだん) 'る' form verbs

1

'I' omission

irregular negative forms

irregular verbs

来る（くる） and する

Japanese business terminology

1

5

JLPT:

Japanese dates

1

Japanese greetings

1

5

JLPT:

Japanese numbers and counting

Japanese pronunciation

Japanese punctuation

Japanese terms for parts of speech

2

Japanese verbs and verb conjugation

1

Japanese word order

Kanji terminology

2

key verb conjugations

mathematical notation

moods in Japanese

ぬ negative

classical negative form

ざる negative

archaic negative

やしない negative

negative + ようにする

try not to do

nominalization with こと

create nouns from other parts of speech

noun + さ

indication of degree

3

JLPT:

noun + ほど

the more ~ the more ~; as ~ as~

1

5

JLPT:

noun + する / します

3

JLPT:

noun + っぽい

~ish, -like

5

1

JLPT:

noun + がてら

while

1

5

JLPT:

noun + ですから

because

4

2

JLPT:

noun + からいって

considering, as a result of

1

5

JLPT:

noun + になります

become

3

JLPT:

noun + をはじめ〜

including ~, such as ~, starting with ~, for example ~

4

2

JLPT:

noun + 向き（むき）

suitable for ~

4

2

JLPT:

noun + 向け（むけ）

aimed at ~

2

4

JLPT:

number + も

as many as

です omission

1

other forms of です

〜め particle

expresses conjecture

1

5

JLPT:

particle か

question marker

4

2

JLPT:

particle か

embedded / indirect questions

particle が

archaic possessive

1

5

JLPT:

particle が

subject marker

particle が

but, however

2

4

JLPT:

particle し

and

particle で

by a mode of transport

1

5

JLPT:

particle で

where an action takes place

1

5

JLPT:

particle と

and

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

date indicator

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

location marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

time indicator

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

frequency indicator

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

destination marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle に

an overview of the uses of に

1

5

JLPT:

particle ね

tag question marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle の

possessive marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle の

noun replacement

1

5

JLPT:

particle は

topic marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle へ

direction marker

1

5

JLPT:

particle も

too, also

1

5

JLPT:

particle や

and

2

4

JLPT:

particle よ

emphasis marker

3

particle わ

feminine sentence ender

1

5

JLPT:

particle を

direct object marker

particle combination なの and なのは

particle も + negative verb

not at all, never, nowhere etc

past + って

even ~

うた / もうた past form

archaic + Kansai form

personal pronouns

prepositions in Japanese

present continuous for state

3

JLPT:

question wordでも

anything, anyone, anywhere, etc

sentence ending particle な

sentence ending particle の

question or emphasis

sentence patterns for counting

4

2

JLPT:

suffix っけ

what was ~ again?

ご + suru verb + いただく

very polite form

1

telling the time in Japanese

temporal nouns

the character ヶ

the many uses of 気（き）

1

5

JLPT:

topic marker は is pronounced 'wa'

1

Transitive and intransitive verbs

use a verb as an adjective

uses of より

using kanji or kana for grammar

using passive form as honorific

3

JLPT:

verb + ほど

extent

1

5

JLPT:

verb + のがへた

bad at

1

5

JLPT:

verb + のがじょうず

good at

2

4

JLPT:

verb / adjective て form + も

even if ~

2

4

JLPT:

verb causative form

make something happen

2

4

JLPT:

verb たら conditional form

if

2

4

JLPT:

verb なら conditional form

if

4

2

JLPT:

さえ + verb ば form

if only ~, once ~

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form

and

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form

imperative, and basis of other constructions

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form

3

4

JLPT:

verb ろ / ~え form

'command' imperative

4

2

JLPT:

verb て form + は

alternately

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + ある

is completed

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + いく

go on doing, continue

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + おく

put in place

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + から

after

verb て form + くる

become; do ~ and come back

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + みる

try to do

verb て form + やる

do something for somebody

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + あげる

do for somebody, give

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + くれる

receive

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + しまう

complete; accidentally do; end up doing

3

JLPT:

verb て form + ばかり

nothing but; only

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + ほしい

want (someone to do something)

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + もらう

to have someone do something

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + ください

please (do, go, open, etc)

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + よかった

expresses gratitude

2

4

JLPT:

verb ば form + よかった

should have done

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + すみません

I'm sorry for doing ~

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + もいいです

permission

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + います／いる

'ing' - present continuous / progressive

1

5

JLPT:

verb て form + はいけません

must not do

verb て form + いました／いた

past continuous

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + いただけませんか

will you please do

2

4

JLPT:

verb て form + くれてありがとう

thank you for doing ~ for me

1

5

JLPT:

verb なくて form + はいけません

have to do

verb なくて form + はなりません

have to do

2

4

JLPT:

verb なければ form + なりません

must do

1

5

JLPT:

verb ます form (also known as the polite form)

3

JLPT:

verb て form + 初めて

not until... that..., only after... did ....

2

4

JLPT:

verb negative form

verb negative past form

2

4

JLPT:

しか + verb negative plain form

nothing but

verb negative stem

3

JLPT:

verb negative stem + ずに

without doing

1

5

JLPT:

verb or い adjective + から

because

2

4

JLPT:

verb passive causative (させられる) form

is made to happen

2

4

JLPT:

verb passive form

is done

3

JLPT:

verb past + とたん

as soon as

verb past progressive form

continuous past action

verb plain form + と

when, if

5

1

JLPT:

verb plain form + なり

as soon as

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain form + つもりです

intention

2

4

JLPT:

verb plain form (also known as the dictionary form)

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain form vs polite form

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain negative + ほうがいい（です）

had better not do

2

4

JLPT:

verb plain past + ばかり

just

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain past + ことがあります

having done

1

5

JLPT:

verb plain past + ほうがいい（です）

had better do

2

4

JLPT:

verb plain past form

2

4

JLPT:

verb potential form

ability to do; can / cannot do

verb progressive form

in progress

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem

base part of a verb

verb stem + ぬ

completely finish

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + おう

plain volitional form (let's ~) for godan verbs

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + かた

way

3

JLPT:

verb stem + たて

just done, freshly done, newly done

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + よう

plain volitional form (let's ~) for ichidan verbs

verb stem + がたい

hard to do

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + なさい

'request' imperative

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + にくい

difficult

verb stem + ましょ

short polite volitional form

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ません

negative

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + やすい

easy

1

verb stem + ました

simple past

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + たいです

want (to do something)

4

2

JLPT:

verb stem + つつある

continues to be/do

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + はじめる

begin to do

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ましょう

volitional form (let's ~)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ませんか

invitation

5

1

JLPT:

verb stem + んばかり

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + ましょうか

volitional form (shall we do ~)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + たかったです

wanted (to do something)

3

JLPT:

verb stem + あげる／あがる

finish, complete

verb stem + にくる／にきます

come to (do something)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + にいく／にいきます

go to (do something)

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem or adjective + すぎる

too much

verb stem + に + verb past

extremely

verb stem + 出す（だす）

begin doing

3

JLPT:

verb stem + 切る（きる）

do completely, use up

verb stem + 切れない（きれない）

unable to finish something

verb stem + 方（かた）

way of doing ~

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + に来ます（にきます）

come to do

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + 直す（なおす）

to redo (something), to (do something again)

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + 終わる

to finish, to end

2

4

JLPT:

verb stem + 続ける（つづける）

continue doing ~

1

5

JLPT:

verb stem + に行きます（にいきます）

go to do

1

5

JLPT:

verb volitional form

let's ~, shall we ~

3

JLPT:

verb volitional form + とする

try to do

3

JLPT:

verb volitional form + としない

not trying to ~, not making an effort to ~

ころ vs ごろ

when vs approximately when

やる vs する

do

をする vs する

くらい vs ぐらい

さようなら vs さよなら

〜にしては vs 〜としては

する vs なさる vs いたす

〜ないで vs 〜なくて vs 〜ずに

the difference between the ないで, なくて, ずに negative joining forms

ことにする vs に決（き）める

1

5

JLPT:

X は Y です

X is Y

4

2

JLPT:

XをYに任せる（まかせる）

leave X in the hands of Y; leave X to Y (to handle/manage)

3

JLPT:

X は Y で有名

X is famous for Y

6

Yodan 四段（よだん）form verbs

(classical Japanese)

一（いち）〜もない

never, none, not one ~

一（ひと）phrasal verbs

1

一人で

alone

3

JLPT:

一体（いったい）

(emphasis)

4

2

JLPT:

一方（いっぽう）で

on the other hand

七 and 四

how to read the kanji for seven and four

1

5

JLPT:

万 and 一万

10,000

4

2

JLPT:

万一（まんいち、まんがいち）

if by chance; if~were to~

万葉仮名（まんようがな）

4

2

JLPT:

その上（そのうえ）

furthermore; besides; in addition

〜上（じょう）

within (location, field, domain etc.)

4

2

JLPT:

上で（うえで）

after; upon

上下

じょうげ／うえした and more

中（ちゅう, じゅう)

throughout; while; out of; during etc.

4

2

JLPT:

を中心に

to center around, to focus on, to revolve around

今や（いまや）

now (in contrast to the past)

4

2

JLPT:

より仕方がない（よりしかたがない）

to have no choice but to~; to have no option but to~

他（ほか）にも

in addition to

3

JLPT:

に代わって

instead of, in place of, on behalf of

3

JLPT:

代わり（かわり）に

in return for

4

2

JLPT:

以外の

except~, other than ~, with exception to~

仮に（かりに）

supposing that; providing that

に伴い（にともない）

along with

って／とは何ですか

What is~?

4

2

JLPT:

何といっても〜

whatever anybody says, after all, by any account

4

2

JLPT:

何しろ（なにしろ）

in any case; anyhow; because

何も〜ない and なんの〜もない

not ~ at all; absolutely no ~

何が悲しくて〜なければならない

expressing unfairness

5

1

JLPT:

～を余儀（よぎ）なくされる

forced to ~

例の〜

that (thing), that (person)

例えば（たとえば）

for example

5

1

JLPT:

傍ら（かたわら）

besides doing~also doing~; while doing~also doing~

傾向がある（けいこうがある）

there is a tendency ~

全く（まったく）

entirely, completely, really, truly

兼ねて（かねて）

also for ~

再び（ふたたび）

again

１０分

じっぷん or じゅっぷん?

〜な分だけ

in proportion to ~; in line with ~; just as ~

3

JLPT:

～は別として（べつとして）

apart from, aside from

4

2

JLPT:

別に〜ない

not~, not necessarily~, not particularly~

4

2

JLPT:

割りに, わりに

despite; although

だけの力量（りきりょう）がある

have the capacity to do

助動詞（じょどうし）

auxiliary verbs

4

2

JLPT:

を占める

to occupy, to hold, take up

5

1

JLPT:

厄年 (やくどし)

critical ages

4

2

JLPT:

及び（および）

and; as well as; both X and Y

4

2

JLPT:

に反して

against, contrary to

4

2

JLPT:

反面（はんめん）

but on the other hand, but on the other side

と同じように

like~, the same way as, in the same manner as

5

1

JLPT:

や否や（やいなや）

as soon as; no sooner than; the moment that

〜てまわる, 〜て回る

to go around and do ~

4

2

JLPT:

に基づいて

based on

2

4

JLPT:

場合（ばあい）

in the case of, if

することが多い

There are often times when~

4

2

JLPT:

契機に

use as an opportunity to do

1

5

JLPT:

～のが好き（すき）です

like

5

1

JLPT:

如し（ごとし）, ごとく, ごとき

like; as if; as though

5

1

JLPT:

始末だ（しまつだ）

in the end ~; end up ~

4

2

JLPT:

に対して

toward, to, for, against

5

1

JLPT:

少なくとも（すくなくとも）

at least

4

2

JLPT:

差し支えない（さしつかえない）

it's all right; have no objection

1

らい年（ねん）

next year

当て字・熟字訓・義訓

ateji, jukujikun and gikun

形式名詞（けいしきめいし)

nominalizers

影響を与える（えいきょうをあたえる）

to affect, to influence

お待たせ（おまたせ）する

make wait

4

2

JLPT:

〜に従って（にしたがって）

therefore

2

JLPT:

〜ざるを得ない（ざるをえない）

can't help doing

4

2

JLPT:

やむを得ず（やむをえず）

to do out of necessity; to be obliged to

やむを得ない（やむをえない）

can't stop doing

〜得る（うる／える）

is possible to

必ずしも〜ない

not necessarily ~

4

2

JLPT:

に応じて

in accordance with, according to

ではないかと思う

I suspect that, I get the feeling that, I imagine that

5

1

JLPT:

〜と思いきや〜

I expected~, but ~; I thought~, but~

と思われる

to be believed to be, to seem to be, to appear to be

4

2

JLPT:

思うように〜（おもうように）

as one imagines; as one wishes; as one desires

1

4

JLPT:

と思います（とおもいます） / と思う（とおもう）

to think ~; I think ~; you think ~

4

2

JLPT:

恐れがある

there is a fear that, is at risk of, to be in danger of

5

1

JLPT:

情勢

describes a situation, circumstances, state of affairs

4

2

JLPT:

〜から成る（からなる）

~comprises of; ~consists of

或る, 有る, 在る

kanji forms of ある

3

承知（しょうち）

know

4

2

JLPT:

折に（おりに）

when (for a special occasion)

4

2

JLPT:

振り（ぶり）

since

4

2

JLPT:

援助

support or aid for a person/group that is in a difficult situation

5

1

JLPT:

損ねる（そこねる）

miss (something); fail (to do something)

4

2

JLPT:

支持

support for a person/group/opinion emotionally and/or in principle

4

2

JLPT:

支援

support for a person/group physically or technically

1

散歩（さんぽ）

walk, stroll

5

1

JLPT:

〜が早いか（がはやいか）

as soon as

1

5

JLPT:

時（とき）

when

普段, 普通, 日頃

usually, normally

5

1

JLPT:

〜たが最後（〜たがさいご）

末に（すえに）

in the end; at the end of

5

1

JLPT:

極まる（きわまる）極まりない（きわまりない）

extremely; very

〜に次いで（についで）

after ~; next to ~

4

2

JLPT:

次第（しだい）

as soon as ~, steadily

4

2

JLPT:

次第だ, 次第で

depending on

2

4

JLPT:

〜が欲しい（ほしい）

want (something)

〜と比べて（とくらべて）

compared to ~

4

2

JLPT:

ような気がする

have a feeling that

4

2

JLPT:

〜に気をつける（にきをつける）

take care to~; be aware of~; look out for~

4

2

JLPT:

気になる（きになる）

to be curious about; be concerned about; be worried about

〜気味（ぎみ）

~like

決(き)める

decide

3

JLPT:

決して～ない（けっして～ない）

by no means

4

2

JLPT:

に沿って（にそって）

go along (with), parallel to, in accordance with

4

2

JLPT:

ないで済む（ないですむ）

get by without doing ~; manage to do something without

3

JLPT:

物（もの）vs 事（こと）

things

3

JLPT:

状態

describes a state, condition, circumstance, etc

3

JLPT:

状況

describes a state, condition, circumstance (of something that is subject to frequent change)

甘党 and 辛党

発展（はってん）成長（せいちょう）開発（かいはつ）

synonyms for growth and development

3

JLPT:

〜的 (てき)

turns a noun into an adjective

皆さん（みなさん） vs みんな

5

1

JLPT:

〜を皮切りに (をかわきりに)

starting with~

5

1

JLPT:

と相（あい）まって

together with ~; along with ~; coupled with ~

4

2

JLPT:

確か（たしか）〜

If I'm not mistaken; if I'm correct; as I recall

4

確かに（たしかに）〜

5

1

JLPT:

を禁じ得ない（きんじえない）

can't help but ~

窪む（くぼむ）and 凹む（へこむ, くぼむ）

6

節（ふし）がある

come to mind

5

1

JLPT:

を経て（へて）

after

3

JLPT:

結局

in the end, after all, end up

4

2

JLPT:

た結果

as a result of, after, upon

〜を考えると

considering; taking into account

たる者（もの）

it is a given that those who are~ are~; those who are~ must be ~

4

2

JLPT:

とか聞きました（とかききました）

I heard something to the effect that

聞く

ask or listen

4

2

JLPT:

に至るまで（にいたるまで）

up to; until

に至る（にいたる）

reach

〜行き（ゆき）

bound for ~

見える vs 見られる

is visible vs can be seen

2

4

JLPT:

に見える, ように見える and く見える

looks ~

ご覧（ごらん）

please look (at ~); please try to ~

5

1

JLPT:

とは言え／とはいえ

even so, that said, be that as it may

4

2

JLPT:

〜と言っても〜（といっても）

although I say, although some might say

4

2

JLPT:

と言えば

speaking of, on the subject of

5

1

JLPT:

は言うまでもない

it goes without saying

1

5

JLPT:

と言います / と言いました

report or quote speech

話し言葉（はなしことば） vs 書き言葉（かきことば）

spoken word vs written word

貸す（かす） and 借りる（かりる）

lend and borrow

4

2

JLPT:

〜に越したことはない（にこしたことはない）

the best thing to do is ~; there is no harm in ~; it's safest to ~

5

1

JLPT:

に足る

be worthy of; deserve; to be enough

5

1

JLPT:

を踏まえて（ふまえて）

based on ~; that reflects ~

3

こむ／込む compound verbs

近い and 近く

4

2

JLPT:

を通じて（をつうじて）

through ~

4

2

JLPT:

通り

just as, in the same way

連体形（れんたいけい）

attributive (noun-modifying) form

連体詞（れんたいし）

rentaishi (adjective that is not い or な)

1

連濁（れんだく）

voicing of first consonant in second part of a compound word

3

JLPT:

に違いない（にちがいない）

certainly

2

違う（ちがう）

differ from

4

2

JLPT:

いつの間にか〜（いつのまにか）

before I knew it

間（かん）

interval

間 - あいだ vs ま

2

4

JLPT:

間（あいだ）/ 間に（あいだに）

during

3

JLPT:

〜に関して（にかんして）

related to, in connection with

〜に関わる（にかかわる）

bearing on ~; related to ~

3

JLPT:

に関する

about, on (the subject of), in relation to, related to

関心がある（かんしんがある）

have an interest

関西弁（かんさいべん）

the Kansai dialect of Japanese

3

JLPT:

（に）限る

limit (-ed to), restrict (-ed to)

3

JLPT:

〜とは限らない

not necessarily

4

2

JLPT:

に限らず

not just, not only~but, not limited to

5

1

JLPT:

を限りに

~will be the last time that~; at the top of one's voice

に限って（にかぎって）

only when ~; especially when ~

4

2

JLPT:

限り（かぎり）

limited to, while, as long as

～を除いて（をのぞいて）

apart from; except

4

2

JLPT:

に際して（にさいして）

at the time of ~; on the occasion of ~

2

JLPT:

際に（さいに）

on the occasion of; at the time of

3

JLPT:

面

perspective, aspect, side

1

音読み（おんよみ）and 訓読み（くんよみ）

on and kun readings of kanji

頃（ころ）

when (for a period or era)

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